Quality Assurance - Ford Motor Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality Assurance - Ford Motor Company - Essay Example cilitated the organization to stay up to date with the progressions and keep up a serious edge over their adversaries, has been its capacity to test new methodologies in its business methodology through rigid structure of value confirmation. Montgomery states, ‘..strategy must be a powerful device for controlling the improvement of an organization over time’ (Montgomery, 2004). While changing elements of the worldwide business has required arrangement and consolidation of the board methodologies that go past the domain of individual company’s concern, anticipating unmistakable skills has given the organization showcase initiative. The company’s centered vision towards quality has helped the association to keep up its market initiative even in the latent condition of worldwide economy. The organization has put forth coordinated attempts to follow six sigma models to address the difficulties of the contemporary time. In the crumbling economic situations of worldwide market economy, the organization is fundamentally confronted with two significant issues: proficient and opportune creation of new items; Quality affirmation fulfilling ISO 9000 standard that satisfies the customers’ changing needs inside the limitations of increasing expense. Quality Assurance can be comprehensively characterized as the exercises that convey exclusive expectation of items and administrations to clients everywhere, fulfilling their prerequisites and meeting their evolving inclinations. It guarantees that creation and conveyance of administrations occur in a way that portrays the level of blunder or the issues inside the creation and have essential norm. ISO 9000 is the name of Quality Assurance standard that are followed internationally. The essential prerequisites of ISO 9000 is to build up a very much characterized framework that joins that is all around recorded and the data is spread among the different partners with the goal that they can be followed at each progression of various business forms. In the contemporary occasions of bleeding edge rivalry, Juran attests ‘all quality

The Dead of the Night free essay sample

The best books stand the trial of time, giving the peruser a fascinating story just as passing on significant subjects and ideas† In John Marsden’s continuation of â€Å"Tomorrow When the War Began†, set in rustic current Australia, comes his second novel of seven â€Å"The Dead of the Night†. John Marsden’s â€Å"TDOTN† has stood the trial of time, by giving the perusers a fascinating story just as passing on significant topics and thoughts. We will compose a custom article test on The Dead of the Night or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The subjects and thoughts of â€Å"Death and Destruction†, â€Å"Relationships and Friendships† and â€Å"Warfare and Survival†, are utilized to pass on significant messages to the perusers, by relating back to the young people life, and high school crowd. Utilizing account told in first individual portrayal by young person Ellie, Marsden strengthens this by utilizing styles and methods, for example, Humor and Juxtaposition, to pass on significant messages to the perusers and adolescent crowd, in this way making the novel a fascinating story, and withstand the trial of time, by passing on significant subjects and thoughts. The subject of Death and Destruction is talked about in the novel â€Å"TDOTN†. The principal experience with Death and Destruction was the occurrence in Butter Cup Lane (Ch4). While the gathering was covering up in Butter Cup Lane to trap a guard of officers, a foot watch of fighters went to pee in the brambles right where Homer and Chris were stowing away. Homer got a fired firearm and fired the officer, injuring him. â€Å"Jesus help me without pondering it, I purposely pulled the trigger† †pg 60 Ch4. Ellie is citing that she didn’t need to consider putting the injured trooper out of his hopelessness, since she was anxious about the possibility that that she may pull out on the off chance that she coherently mulled over this thought completely her psyche. Marsden utilizes Ellie’s train of â€Å"no thought† to pass on significant messages to the perusers for the explanation that numerous young people additionally do likewise with their activities and don’t thoroughly consider things suitably. This is the manner by which John Marsden, utilizes the topic of â€Å"Death and Destruction† to cause his novel to withstand the trial of time, by giving the peruser a fascinating story just as passing on significant subjects and thoughts. The subject of â€Å"Relationships and Friendships† is additionally talked about in the novel, â€Å"TDOTN†, the underlying experience of connections and kinships was when Homer announced a gathering meeting in the primary part, to recover the gathering n track. The gathering helped the gathering meet up as one once more, after they were feeling frustrated about themselves, for relinquishing Kevin and Corrie. â€Å"We’ve spun our head for a considerable length of time. We’ve been disturbed and we’ve been frightened. It’s time for us to assume responsibility for our heads once more, to be valiant again to do the things we need to do† †pg 8-9 Ch1. This implies the gathering has been sulking around for an extremely lengthy timespan. They have been disturbed and terrified of what lies in front of them. Homer, who is by all accounts taking on an influential position, says that it’s time for them to refocus. To discover Kevin and Corrie, and to check whether some other guerrilla bunches exists like them. Marsden passes on significant subjects and thoughts, through the topic of â€Å"Relationships and Friendships†, making it an intriguing story, since youngsters are additionally exploring different avenues regarding their companions and connections as well, much the same as Ellie and Lee, and this makes adolescents question whether they’d in certainty do likewise for their own companions. John Marsden utilizes the present everyday dramatizations, to furnish his perusers with an intriguing novel, in the way that the youngsters manage their issues in their conditions and conditions. This shows â€Å"TDOTN† can withstand the trial of time, giving the perusers an intriguing story just as passing on significant topics and thoughts. Marsden’s tale â€Å"TDOTN† can stand the trial of time, by giving the perusers an intriguing story just as passing on significant subjects and thoughts, through the topic of â€Å"Warfare and Survival†. Issues of these conditions, remember enduring the assault for Harvey’s Heroes, living in Hell and enduring all the marking and hanging out all over Wirrawee. One explicit occurrence which features this subject is Butter Cup Lance. The young people before they assault the escort of warriors plunk down and play their strategies and talk about what will occur and the techniques if something turns out badly. Their exchange and discourse additionally shows their dread of the war and their endurance senses. â€Å"And assume a watch had hopped us? Assume we’d been gotten with sawn off fired firearms? We’d all be set facing a tree and shot and you’d have 5 people groups blood on your hands† †pg 92. Ellie is shouting at Homer, since he had conflicted with the gathering and what they’d settled upon and brought the fired firearms in any case, this imperiling their own endurance. Notwithstanding this Homer has broken their trust and put their endurance in question, this relates back to young people for the explanation that fellowships are based on trust. This is the means by which Marsden utilizes the topic of â€Å"Warfare and Survival† to pass on significant subjects and thoughts, and give the perusers, with a fascinating story, in this way making â€Å"TDOTN† stand the trial of time. In â€Å"TDOTN† Marsden utilizes the account structure of first individual portrayal to adequately furnish the peruser with a fascinating story, just as permitting â€Å"TDOTN† to stand the trial of time. Marsden utilizes Ellie’s own words and encounters to pass on her sentiments and feelings to the perusers by utilizing the bona fide voice of a multi year old female. Ellie utilizes â€Å"I, we† and slang and everyday dialects, to reveal to her story. A genuine case of this is when Ellie is bringing everything cutting-edge toward the finish of the novel on pg 270. â€Å"The just thing that I need to write to bring this forward-thinking is about Chris. What's more, what I put won’t be coherent. I’m so stirred up with my emotions about everything. † The account likewise follows the structure of entwined activity, storyline and dramatization. Ellie at times gets off course with future undertakings and thoughts. This is the manner by which Marsden utilized first individual portrayal to give the perusers a fascinating story, by utilizing the true voice of a multi year old female, accordingly making the novel stand the trial of time. The strategies of Humor is practiced in the novel â€Å"TDOTN†, by breaking the strained air with diverting cases, to furnish the peruser with an intriguing story, in this way making â€Å"TDOTN† stand the trial of the time. There are various models which actualize Humor in the novel. One of them being, when Major Harvey from the Harvey’s Heroes campground was presenting his second in order, â€Å"Captain Killen† (Punn) to the young people. â€Å"In a couple of seconds I will acquaint with you my second in order, Captain Killen† †pg 109. Marsden utilized a Punn (type of Humor) to play on the expressions of the second in orders name. Another model was the point at which the gathering strolled into Major Harvey’s tent just because, and was stunned to find how enormous and lavish it was. â€Å"Major Harvey’s tent was so huge by our standards† †pg 106. The adolescents were additionally stunned to find that Major Harvey laid down with a mosquito net. â€Å"Bit of an extravagance that; â€Å"Fact is, I’ve got rather delicate skin† †pg 106. Marsden utilizes Humor to give the perusers a fascinating story, by helping our temperament; he utilizes Punn and Humor to ridicule Major Harvey in the manner that he is intended to be an extreme head/fighter and this shows the direct inverse of him. It shows that Major Harvey is high upkeep. This is the means by which Marsden delineates Humor in â€Å"TDOTN†, by giving the peruser a fascinating story, along these lines withstanding the test if time. John Marsden likewise utilizes the style and strategy of Juxtaposition to give his perusers an intriguing story, by contrasting Harvey’s Heroes endeavors, to the gathering of young people in the war. â€Å"Huh! Some of them are strange! They engaged me for a considerable length of time the previous evening, mentioning to me what saints they are. Appear as though their greatest rush was burning down a truck that had been stalled. They’d seen the fighters leave it there and drive off in an Ute, so peril level was two on a size of nothing to a hundred† †pg 114-115. Ellie and Homer locate this clever on the grounds that Harvey’s Heroes is a co-ordinated gathering of ADULTS not adolescents, and the gathering have managed substantially more harm than Harvey’s Heroes. Marsden looks at the adolescents in Hell to a gathering of creatures, taking care of, gathering food, doing it extreme and stowing away. â€Å"Burrows among the rocks†, â€Å"Running wild in the night†, Ellie cites that they are acting like nighttime creatures. Marsden utilizes Juxtaposition to furnish his perusers with a fascinating story, between our gathering of adolescents and their accomplishments in the war contrasted with Harvey’s Heroes. This delineates â€Å"TDOTN† can withstand the trial of time. In end â€Å"TDOTN† can stand the trial of time by furnishing the peruser with an intriguing story just as passing on the peruser with significant subjects and thoughts. Marsden does as such by utilizing the significant topics and thoughts of â€Å"Death and Destruction†, â€Å"Relationships and Friendships† and â€Å"Warfare and Survival†. John Marsden utilizes styles and strategies of first individual portrayal, Humor and

Tenure of Office Act

Tenure of Office Act Tenure of Office Act, in U.S. history, measure passed on Mar. 2, 1867, by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson ; it forbade the President to remove any federal officeholder appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate without the further approval of the Senate. It also provided that members of the President's cabinet should hold office for the full term of the President who appointed them and one month thereafter, subject to removal by the Senate. With this measure the radical Republicans in Congress hoped to assure the continuance in office of Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and thus prevent any interference with the military occupation of the South in their Reconstruction plan. In order to bring about a court test of the constitutionality of the act, Johnson dismissed Stanton, but the Supreme Court, intimidated by the radicals, refused to pass on the case. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , whom Johnson appointed Secretary ad interim, turned the office bac k to Stanton when the Senate refused to approve his dismissal. Johnson then appointed Gen. Lorenzo Thomas Secretary of War, but Stanton, barricading himself in the department, refused to yield. Johnson's alleged violation of the Tenure of Office Act was the principal charge in the impeachment proceedings against him. When this move failed (May, 1868), Stanton finally gave up. The act, considerably modified in Grant's administration, was in large part repealed in 1887, and in 1926 the Supreme Court declared its principles unconstitutional. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

Essay Are Professional Athletes and Actors Overpaid

April 13, 2014 English Composition 2 Argument Essay Are Professional Actors and Athletes Overpaid? In this essay I will explore a much debated topic in this country pertaining to the undeniable fact that professional actors and athletes overwhelmingly get paid much higher than the average American. As any highly debated topic, there are always arguments and viewpoints from both sides of the spectrum. Like many Americans, for entertainment I thoroughly enjoy watching both film and professional sporting events. Even though, I have always maintained a firm stance that many in these professions are simply overpaid. I believe once you have read my research and analysis on this topic, you as well will agree from a sociological,†¦show more content†¦Looking back to the era of the â€Å"Roaring 20’s† in which America was enjoying a period of sustained economic prosperity, the average American could at a higher level afford to enjoy different forms of entertainment than previously. This ushered in a new era and cultural dynamic which emphasized organized sports, theatre, and film. Since this era, America has seen economic depression, recession and crisis, but has still remained the wealthiest country in the world. Due to this, the entertainment culture that was created roughly 100 years ago still exists today, and the demand for it continues to grow. Each year more and new gaming devices, games, videos, movies, and television shows are released. Likewise the costs of these products and devices continues to go up. The unfortunate side to this is that it has created a more sedentary lifestyle and culture of everyday America, and in turn attributing to issues as obesity amongst both children and adults. Regardless, we have developed and created this culture with the associated increased demand for this form of entertainment, and the industry is nothing more than happy to oblige us in providing it. In a study conducted by USA TODAY and Statista of top paid Hollywood actors, it found that Robert Downey Jr. earned over $75 million in a one year timeframe from June 2012-June 2013. Much of his earnings were a result of his roles in both â€Å"The Avengers† and â€Å"Ironman 3,† withShow MoreRelated Athletes Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesplays a game for a living. Today athletes are the highest paid people in the country, with the exception of Donald Trump and his toupee. It is ridiculous to believe that someone is really worth hundreds of millions of dollars, and all they have to do is play a sport that millions of people would play for free if given the chance. Therefore, I strongly believe that professional athletes are overpaid due to several reasons. Schingle stated that personal athletes get paid what the market will bearRead MoreProfessional Athletes are not Overpaid Essay919 Words   |  4 Pages Professional athletes are not overpaid Professional athletes are highly talented and determined entertainers with extraordinary physical abilities. They compete in various sports to entertain people and make a living. Those include basketball, football, baseball, hockey, tennis, and the list goes on to any athlete that gets paid to play. These athletes train really hard and for long hours to be the best at what they do. Fans pay to watch them perform because they really enjoy seeing themRead MoreThe Debate Over CEO Compensation1349 Words   |  6 Pages This paper will discuss the reasons why CEOs are not being overpaid. It will apply the utilitarian ethical principle to many a few aspects to CEO compensation and whether or not it is justifiable for such pay. The paper will look at whether or not their performance is justifiable for the pay because they play such a big role in the livelihood of the company along with the principle agency theory and how it is being addressed for the benefit of the shareholders and others involved with the companyRead MoreAre Athletes Overpaid?1122 Words   |  5 Pages2012 Are Players Overpaid? When sports exploded in the 1900’s athletes were paid like regular working citizens. Most athletes had to work over the summer to keep their mortgages paid. In present day, professional athletes are dished out astronomical salaries in exchange for their play. Many of these athletes have the opportunity to be set for life within the first years of their contracts. Eighteen and nineteen year olds are given multi-million dollar contracts. While these athletes are getting paidRead MoreEssay about Are Pro Athletes Paid Too Much?728 Words   |  3 PagesAre professional athletes paid too much? Today’s sport’s world is the biggest revenue making industry in the world. Different sports bring in different amounts of revenue but they are all enormous amounts. I myself love sports so there are a few sports that I contribute to financially also. Is it fair that professional athletes get paid millions of dollars to entertain us? It is known that the sporting industry Sporting events is a place for people to go, relax, have fun, and do something theyRead MoreFootballers, Are They Getting Paid Too Much2067 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience; overpaid salary is not an excuse to allow footballer earns such big money. Short Career If we talk about the invidual with big revenue, the field which pops out of our mind is athlete and entertainment. Movie star and singer earn more money than any athlete in the world but that is where the logic is distorted once again. The celebrity could still earn money through advanced years while the case isn t the same for athlete. Al Pacino is currently one of the senior actor and he stillRead MoreShould Athletes Get Paid Too Much Money?2144 Words   |  9 Pagesthink of famous athletes, they think of them as role models to follow and superstars with a lot of money. What exactly do all of these athletes do with so much money? Do athletes get paid too much, according to this statement â€Å"The top 10 earners rake in a combined $496.9 million, and they sure do know how to treat themselves† (Melia). Professional athletes are making too much money in a society that wages are traditionally on the value of someone’s work. Some might argue that athletes get paid justRe ad MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesresponsible for the success or failure of the organization. This success or failure is reflected in a manager s career. For example, when a CEO saves a failing corporation, the board rewards this success with bonuses and stock options. When a professional football team starts losing, the owner fires the coach, not the team. vii. The Managerial Skills Managers need three basic sets of skills: technical, interpersonal, and conceptual. a. Technical Skills The skills that include knowledge of and proficiencyRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesâ€Å"Googling Lunch,† Wall Street Journal, December 1–2, 2007, pp. W1 and W5.) Also furnished were such conveniences as on-site laundry, hair styling, dental and medical care, a car wash, day care, fitness facilities with personal trainers, and a professional masseuse. Brightly colored medicine balls, lava lamps, assorted gadgets and sports equipment gave the appearance of a college campus. Chartered buses had internet access so that commuters to San Francisco could use their laptops. Social events Read MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesSwiss/Swedish engineering company ABB moved its global robotics business headquarters to Shanghai. Illustration 2.3 The Steel Industry The steel industry provides a fairly easy-to-understand case of rapid structural change, and one led by industry actors. Understanding how the leading companies are making an impact helps to counter a risk of ‘determinism’ in Porterian analyses; in other words, a sense that structures are given rather than changeable. The first question particularly invites a comparative

Sanity Like One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest - 1905 Words

Throughout the mid 1960’s to the late 1970’s, the concept and interest of mental illness has been studied and discussed in countless different mediums ranging from films that tackled issues of sanity like One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest to novels that dealt with much darker issues such as schizophrenia in Flora Schreiber’s Sybil. One of the most controversial and talked about productions of the 20th century is Peter Shaffer’s 1974 Tony winning play, Equus, which recounts Dr. Martin Dysart’s encounter and treatment of a seventeen year old boy, Alan Strang, who blinded six horses with an icepick. The play focuses on therapy sessions between Dysart and Alan in which Dysart struggles arduously to bring to the surface Alan’s inner psyche and reasons for blinding the different horses. The play has content that may suggest the story focuses on mental illness, sexuality, and religion; however, this is only when the text is read and understood on an efferent level. The true essence of Equus is located in the numerous biblical parallels found through the analyzation of the plot lines that suggest. Through the analysis and biblical relation of plot points and scenes in Equus, the true essence of the story is revealed; not only is Equus a story of mental illness and sexuality, but it is also a parable of sorts, showing biblical passages and stories in a different and more relatable light. The root and essence of the biblical parallels in Equus are present from the first moment thatShow MoreRelatedKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1629 Words   |  7 PagesKesey’s One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest is a timeless classic. This novel has been subject to analysis through many different literary lenses: feminist, Marxist, and of course, psychoanalytic. One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest provides a plethora of evidence when it comes to using the psychoanalytic lens. The lens in question deals with the teaching of Sigmund Freud. When reading this novel, the audience sees quite clearly that the world of psychology plays an impactful role in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’sRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pages The Truth Even If It Didn’t Happen: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest By: Aubree Martinez Period 1 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey is one of the greatest novels of the 1960s that expertly uses mental illness, rebellion, and abused authority to captivate the readers. This book is densely populated with interesting characters, such as the new admission R.P. McMurphy, that makes you dive below the surface of sanity, rebellion, and authoritative issues that are spread throughoutRead MoreThe Lines Between Sanity And Insanity1064 Words   |  5 PagesThe lines between sanity and insanity are commonly tested in young adult literature. Shown to be entirely based on individual perception, sanity or insanity attempt to form a reflection of the characters’ personalities. In society, as shown in the novels, people are often too quick to write off nonconformist as crazy or insane. Girl, Interrupted and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest both illustrate how society’s stern view cause them to treat mental illness unethically and take away from individualismRead MoreOne Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Research Paper1764 Words   |  8 PagesDrugs and Insanity Against Society The author of the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, Ken Keasey, received his inspiration for the book while volunteering at a veterans hospital. This is where he was first introduced to LSD. The moment he tried it, he became addicted, and began experimenting on himself with the drugs, observing the effects. The novel deals with the tyrannical rule of head Nurse Ratched in a mental hospital somewhere in Oregon. She runs all business and daily life in the asylumRead More Christ-like McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest1379 Words   |  6 PagesChrist-like McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Ken Kesey utilizes Jesus Christ as a constant symbol throughout One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. The protagonist of the story acts as a model and leader for other characters in the book, just as Christ was for his disciples. It is appropriate that such a leader would be closely associated with a powerful, and worshiped figure. Keseys use of Christ associates the ideas or theories in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest withRead More In ken keseay’s one flew over the cuckoo’s nest a psychiatric ward becomes613 Words   |  3 PagesIn ken keseay’s one flew over the cuckoo’s nest a psychiatric ward becomes a metaphor for the oppressive nature of society In ken keseays one flew over the cuckoos nest a psychiatric ward becomes a metaphor for the oppressive nature of society. This symbolic novel relays the story of an inmate standing up against the powerful forces that operate a mental institute. This novel represents more than man vs the institutions. The novel compels us to think about just how thin the line isRead MoreReview Of Ken Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1603 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinitions of sanity and insanity are affected by many different aspects and according to common knowledge, insanity has a direct correlation to mental illness. Likewise, sanity seems to have a direct link to what is considered normal. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey describes the connection that both insanity and sanity have to mental illness and the people that suffer from it. Furthermore, it describes how the people who work in the mental ward are connected to how sanity and insanityRead More Narration, Metaphors, Images and Symbols in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest3029 Words   |  13 Pagesand Symbols in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest   Ã‚   In 1962, when One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest (the Nest), was published, America was at the start of decade that would be characterized by turmoil. Involvement in Vietnam was increasing, civil rights marches were taking place in the south and a new era of sexual promiscuity and drug use was about to come into full swing. Young Americans formed a subgroup in American society that historians termed the â€Å"counterculture†. The Nest is a product ofRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1549 Words   |  7 PagesOne Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest In today’s world with the recent chaos that has erupted many people tend to think that the world has become insane and that they are the last sane individuals alive. However, in the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest the ones who are seeking treatment for insanity seem more reasonable then the sane ones. This is because in the novel, the person that holds jurisdiction, Nurse Ratched also maintains a fearsome reputation. Many people would agree that the theme thatRead MoreRebellion in Fight Club and One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest1861 Words   |  8 PagesRebellion in Fight Club and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest All societies have a basic structure, and in order to function well with others, a person must conform to the laws and regulations of said society. In the novels Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey, a variety of themes are discussed, with the major theme being rebellion. The main characters of both these novels struggle with the established structure they are living in and are unwilling to conform

Nursing in Perspectives Free Essays

Nursing is a profound profession which requires professional skills and knowledge, high level of expertise and managerial skills. Following Parker Clare (2006): â€Å"Critical thinking is a vital skill to have as a nurse. Nurses are engaged in providing care to people who have a right to high quality professional conduct and health services (p296). We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing in Perspectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Applied to nursing profession, critical thinking aims to improve healthcare services through new methods and self-developed professional skills of nurses. Critical thinking combines the ability to meet the requirement of a new age and respond effectively to technological innovations and scientific discoveries. Changing economic environment and globalization process has a great impact on the nursing science, and compel to specify concepts of management and its fields. During the last decades, the definitions of critical thinking in nursing have been changes. For instance, Ennis Milman in 1985 defined critical thinking in nursing as â€Å"reasonable, reflective thinking focused on what to believe or do† (Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). In five years, McPeck, (1990) defined it as: â€Å"the propensity to engage in an activity with reflective skepticism† (Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). Monitoring was an important method that helped to search for new trends in nursing. Today, nurses take into account internal and external factors that influence a patient. The most recent explanation of critical thinking is proposed by the University of New Mexico (2007): â€Å"nursing utilizes critical thinking as diagnostic reasoning and professional or clinical judgment. Critical thinking in nursing is based on a triggering event or situation, a starting point, scaffolds, processes, and outcomes that make up a continuous or iterative feedback loop† (Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). In modern world, critical thinking in nursing is a broad concept with include advanced knowledge and discovering, creativity and passion, authenticity and ability to foresee coming changes. Critical thinking in nursing aims to extend traditional nursing roles in order to keep abreast of time and rapidly changing technology. Daniels (2004) underlines that it may be exercised as an attribute of position or because of personal knowledge or wisdom. Modern nurses see themselves more as conservators and regulators of the exist ­ing order of affairs with which they identify, and from which they gain rewards. Critical thinking helps to create a sense of identity which does not depend upon membership or work roles. On the one hand, nursing gendered identity and cultural identity has a great impact on their skills and ability to deliver high quality service. Many problems associated with the relationships between people of different cultures stem from variations in norms and values. Modern society is marked by cultural diversity problems which influence healthcare services and service delivery. Critical thinking is crucial for culturally competent nurse because it helps to communicate with diverse clients and meet their needs. For instance, Hindus and Asians share specific beliefs as for parts of the body and health, and in this case a nurse should take into account cultural and religious practices of these patients. Following Dreher and Macnaughton (2002): â€Å"the health care system has nested the accountability for cultural competency with the clinician who provides direct services to individuals, where the application of cultural information is likely to be least useful† (p181). For a nurse, the key advantages of convergence are that ideas and techniques developed in one cultural or national setting may be transferred to another and used effectively. These variables shape the values and hence the behavior of people (Potter Perry, 2005). Critical thinking determines the quality of decisions and actions of a nurse. A higher level of professional autonomy and shared governance should be seen as the main features of critical thinking. Critical thinking is exercised through greater knowledge and exper ­tise. It may also be based on the per ­sonal qualities of the nurse and the manner in which authority is exercised. In contrast to traditional theories of nursing leadership, nursing expert power is based on new knowledge about technology and critical thinking used in nursing profession. Critical thinking is based on credibility and clear evidence of knowledge or expertise; for example, the expert knowledge of ‘functional’ specialists. Stone (2000) states that if the information is satisfactorily ascertained from secondary sources, the nurse opts to complete this component of the assessment by relying on past records. Documentary data obtained from patients’ records is often termed ‘secondary’ because the information has originally been collected by other people and for other purposes. Thus, critical thinking determines further actions and behavior patterns which support clinical and service development. In several decades ago, nurses were limited by strict rules and tasks which prevented them to respond effectively to changing environment (Potter Perry 2005). Today, technology and information technology demands critical thinking and decision making in nursing (Sharp, 2000). Also, there is a great shift in organizational values and personal traits of the nurses. Changing social environment influences human values and conflicts with human dignity and importance (Sullivan Decker, 2005). The balance of power has undoubtedly shifted to nurses who have more choice over how to conducts relationships with their administration, colleagues and patients. Critical thinking in nursing is aimed to improve influences on the environment and determine perspectives of further development on the macro- and micro- level. In this situation, to be an effective and professional nurse, it is necessary to exercise the role of critical thinker based on advanced knowledge and expertise (Durgahee, 2003). A common view is that the job of the nurse requires the ability of critical thinking and that leadership is in effect a sub-set of management. In terms of critical thinking, there is a need to be flexible and be ready to innovate and to adopt new technologies as they come along. The way in which healthcare organization has to employ the latest technology can be an important determinant of its competitive advantage. For instance, increased role of computers and technological solutions require new skills and decision making practices in medicine. For instance, if technology does not work properly and it threatens life of a patient, a nurse should react accordingly to the situation and replace it with alternative solution (Kozier et al 2004). Critics (Sullivan Decker, 2005) admit that three decades ago nurses were not ready and prepared to apply critical thinking to their work and this led to high death rates caused by technology failure. Healthcare is one of the main industries responsible for exceptional service quality and interpersonal communication. Service quality is determined by technological processes and innovations in its field. Critical thinking has speeded up health delivery processes, transformed working practices and increased the efficiency of healthcare services. Interestingly, it is in the technological environment that it is some ­times possible for large healthcare organizations to actually exert influence rather than be the recipients of it. Respect and personal worth of every patient are the core human-related factors employed by the nurses (Garrison 2004). Nursing staff is responsible for communication and interaction with the patients. For this reason, nurses should be flexible to respond effectively to changing environment and customers groups. As a result, high degree of autonomy cannot be effectively used by all nursing staff. Healthcare organizations start to apply ‘critical thinking’ into practice seeing it as a high level of specialist practice and competitive advantage in healthcare services. Also, critical thinking in nursing is concerned with those activities involved in recruiting of professional staff, training, and development within the healthcare infrastructure, namely the systems of planning, finance, medical service control, etc. which are crucially important to an strategic capability in all healthcare activities (Potter Perry, 2005). Today, a special attention is given to proper function of medical staff and empowerment which helps to improve efficiency of medical practice. Critical thinking is one of the main requirements in modern service learning. In learning, â€Å"critical thinking [is] a reasoning process reflecting on ideas, actions, and decisions in clinical experience by the nursing student and others (Anaya et al 2003, p99). The advantages of critical thinking in nursing are fast response to changing conditions and environment and ability to apply recent technologies into practice. It increases confidence of nurses and level of healthcare services. Using critical thinking approach, nurses are able to shift the situation using these new creative approaches based on advanced relationships and inquiry. Also, it is strongly influenced by resources outside the healthcare organization which are an integral part of the chain of activities between the healthcare service design and the level of medial treatment (Sharp, 2000). Change is a threat to routine and their role in healthcare management. It is also true that many nurses do not know what their role is, and in recent years attempts have been made to clarify individual roles. Critical thinking is ‘a vital skill’ for nurses because it determines the style of management and leadership. Critical thinking can be interpreted as a response to the need to meet heightened customer expectations and face intensi ­fied technology solutions. Critical thinking encourages nurses to adopt a positive attitude and have personal involvement in service delivery. Also, it allows healthcare organization to expose nursing staff to new forms of service and management. Critical thinking is constructed on a rational basis and allows nurses respond to patients’ needs in an appropriate manner. For a modern nurse, it is crucial to be accountable to patients’ families, and close friends who come to visit them. References 1.   Anaya, A., Doheny, M.O., Panthofer, N., Sedlak, C.A. (2003). Critical Thinking in Students’ Service-Learning Experiences. College Teaching, 51 (3), 99-104. 2. Critical Thinking in Nursing The University of New Mexico (2007). Retrieved 31 May 2007, from   http://hsc.unm.edu/consg/conct/whatis.shtml 3.   Daniels, R. (2004). Nursing Fundamentals: Caring and Clinical Decision Making, Thomas Learning, Oregon. 4. Dreher, N., Macnaughton, N. (2002). Cultural competency in nursing: foundation or fallacy? Nursing Outlook, Sep-Oct; 50 (5):181-6. 5.   Durgahee, T. (2003). Higher level practice: degree of specialist practice? Nurse Education Today. Apr; 23 (3), 191-201. 6. Garrison, D.R., Morgan, D.H., Johnson, J.G. (2004). Thriving in chaos: Educating the nurse leaders of the future. Nursing Leadership Forum. Fall; 9 (1), 23-27. 7. Kozier B., Erb G., Berman A. Snyder S. (2004). Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process and Practice, New Jersey, Pearson Education Inc. 8. Potter, P. Perry, A. (2005). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier PTE LTD, Singapore. 9.   Sharp, Nancy. (April 2000). The 21st century belongs to nurse practitioners. Nurse Practitioner, p. 56 10. Sullivan, E.J., Decker, Ph. J. (2005). Effective leadership Management in Nursing 6th ed. Pearson Hall.    How to cite Nursing in Perspectives, Essay examples

Effect of Living Situation on Students Academic Performance in School free essay sample

When students earn a below average grade on examinations or a report card, it does not necessarily mean that they did not study hard enough. There are many intelligent children who do not perform well in school, not because they cannot comprehend classroom lessons, but because of external factors that affect their academic success. Many factors have been identified to influence academic performance whether positively or negatively. One of these factors that the researcher’s identified is the living situation of college students. The living situations that a college student experience are varied due to the diversity of housing options and environments available. Some of the aspects of college student living environments may act as stress factors in students’ lives. The stress related to living situations that college students’ experience has several sources including relationships with roommates, suitemates, the condition of the rooms, apartments, or houses that students inhabit, the neighborhood, area on campus, and general living environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Living Situation on Students Academic Performance in School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These sources of stress undoubtedly have an impact on the student’s academic performance. Academic performance is the evidence how well a student meets standards set out by local government and the institution itself. The extent of student’s learning may be determined by the grades a student earns for a period of learning has been done. It is believed that a grade is a primary indicator of such learning. If a learner earns high grades it is concluded that they may also have learned a lot while low grades indicate lesser learning. Studies would say that there is a relationship between the living accommodation and academic performance of college students, on the other hand, a number of researchers also claim that there is none. This study will show the relationship between the living situation and its impact on the academic performance among college students.

Prop. 38 Essays - Education Economics, Alternative Education

Prop. 38 ?School Vouchers? School vouchers are the educational topic of the millennium. In California, if Prop. 38 were passed it would grant K-12 students a $4,000-a-year voucher to receive private schooling. This proposition has some ups and some downs in my viewpoint and in this paper I will tell you about school vouchers, I will also tell you about the opponents and the supporters of the bill, the candidates for President stance on the issue and finally my thoughts about school vouchers. Proposition 38, the initiative that would grant a $4,000-a-year voucher to K-12 students to attend a private school(Saunders A-24). The vouchers have been tested in a few cities including Dayton, Ohio, Washington D.C. and New York. Some bad news for supporters of Prop. 38 were that students offered the vouchers ? 47 percent in Washington, 46 percent in Dayton and 24 percent in New York- did not use them?(Zernike 2). ?Its poor kids who lack options? and public schools know a captive society when they see it. They can under educate the kids with little negative effect?(Saunders A-24). Most Supporters of Prop. 38 want to do things for the better of Americas Children. They say that this bill will better education for all students not just the ones who get into private school. This they say is true because the vouchers will bring up competition among schools and force them to better their acts. for most Americans public education is the only option?(So You Wanna Know? 1). They say that this will finally give all children a chance to go private school or at least get into the private school atmosphere. A fact brought up by an opponent of the proposition was there was no significant test score difference between students who attended private school and the students who attended public school?(Zernike 1). The foes also state, ?School vouchers are the fools gold of educational reform?(Wickham 29A). They are trying to get across their point that school vouchers are not the way to go. In the 2000 Election, there are two major candidates, Al Gore and George W. Bush. Al Gore seems to want to get a higher level of education for America's kids and he also knows how much a good education is worth in this country. George W. Bush also wants the betterment of America's education. Both Candidates take education into high regard. This election will better the education quality of America by a long shot. I'm kind of unsure whether or not I'd vote for Prop. 38. This bill would be good if all the kids were guaranteed a spot in a private school or to be in the private school atmosphere, but thy are not. This is why it makes me unsure whether or not I'd vote for the bill. If there was a guarantee in vote YES without a doubt. In conclusion, I have told you about school vouchers. Like I said school vouchers would be more likely to get passed if they had a guarantee. I guess it would not hurt to try something new because its darn sure that what were doing now is not working as well as it is supposed to. I guess its save for me to say VOTE YES ON 38. Bibliography Bibliography ? Bush, George W. ?The Battle Over School Choice PBS Interview?, Frontline.10/02/2000 ? Gore, Al. ?The Battle Over School Choice PBS Interview?, Frontline.10/02/2000 ? Saunders, Debra J. ?A Lifeline For Poor Kids In Bad Schools? San Francisco Chronicle. 20 September 2000, A-24 ? ?So You Wanna Know About School Vouchers?, soyouwanna.com, 14 September 2000: 1-4 Http://www.soyouwanna.com/site/pros_cons/vouchersFULL.html ? Stockton Teachers Association 30 August 2000 ? Wickham, Dewayne. ?Vouchers Help Too few Students? USA Today. 4 September 2000: 29-A Social Issues

Free Essays on 50 Cent

50 Cent born Curtis Jackson 26 years ago is the real deal, the genuine article. He's a man of the streets, intimately familiar with its codes and its violence, but still, 50 Cent, an incredibly intelligent and deliberate man, holds himself with a regal air as if above the pettiness which surrounds him. Couple his true-life hardship with his knack for addictiveness to the game of rap and hip-hop, great hooks, it is perfectly clear that 50 Cent has exactly what it takes to ride down the road to riches and diamond rings. 50 Cent born into a notorious Queens drug dynasty during the late 70’s. Raised without a father, 50 mother died when he was 14. Now 50 was an orphaned now, father no where to be found. 50 had to live with his grandparents. His grandparents were unable to handle him in his teen years, so he was driven to the streets. 50 had no where else to go or anyone to depend on. That’s the choices we made for the life he wanted. We all have choices. 50 was known in Queens as Guy R. Brewer Blvd. On York Avenue. There 50 stepped up to amusing a small fortune and lengthy rap sheet. 50 Cent was getting into a lot of trouble. All because he didn’t have any parents, friends, relative, no one else to go to but himself. 50 later had a son. 50 Cent began to pursue rap seriously now he was determined to make it. At JMJ, the label of Run DMC DJ Jam Master Jay, he began learning his trade. 50 learned how to count bars and structure songs. Unfortunately the death of JMJ had occurred, and there wasn’t much JMJ could do for 50. Mean while in 1999 50 was sighed by Columbia records. They shipped 50 to NY where he was locked up on drug charges. While incarcerated 50 wrote songs on how to rob people, and later late recoded in the studio with Columbia. The song blew through the roof a day dreamer of robbing famous rappers like Jay-Z, Big Bun, Sticky Fingaz, and Ghostface. The artist later replied on the hit song toward 50 and h... Free Essays on 50 Cent Free Essays on 50 Cent 50 Cent born Curtis Jackson 26 years ago is the real deal, the genuine article. He's a man of the streets, intimately familiar with its codes and its violence, but still, 50 Cent, an incredibly intelligent and deliberate man, holds himself with a regal air as if above the pettiness which surrounds him. Couple his true-life hardship with his knack for addictiveness to the game of rap and hip-hop, great hooks, it is perfectly clear that 50 Cent has exactly what it takes to ride down the road to riches and diamond rings. 50 Cent born into a notorious Queens drug dynasty during the late 70’s. Raised without a father, 50 mother died when he was 14. Now 50 was an orphaned now, father no where to be found. 50 had to live with his grandparents. His grandparents were unable to handle him in his teen years, so he was driven to the streets. 50 had no where else to go or anyone to depend on. That’s the choices we made for the life he wanted. We all have choices. 50 was known in Queens as Guy R. Brewer Blvd. On York Avenue. There 50 stepped up to amusing a small fortune and lengthy rap sheet. 50 Cent was getting into a lot of trouble. All because he didn’t have any parents, friends, relative, no one else to go to but himself. 50 later had a son. 50 Cent began to pursue rap seriously now he was determined to make it. At JMJ, the label of Run DMC DJ Jam Master Jay, he began learning his trade. 50 learned how to count bars and structure songs. Unfortunately the death of JMJ had occurred, and there wasn’t much JMJ could do for 50. Mean while in 1999 50 was sighed by Columbia records. They shipped 50 to NY where he was locked up on drug charges. While incarcerated 50 wrote songs on how to rob people, and later late recoded in the studio with Columbia. The song blew through the roof a day dreamer of robbing famous rappers like Jay-Z, Big Bun, Sticky Fingaz, and Ghostface. The artist later replied on the hit song toward 50 and h...

Clownfishing Mating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Clownfishing Mating - Essay Example The fish thrive in the warm waters of the tropics (Maddern 1990 p 36). They are mainly found in the salty waters of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. The excretion from the fish is a major source of nourishment for the sea anemone that absorbs the nutrients emanating from fecal matter. More over, the movements of the Clownfish in the water surrounding the sea anemone, especially when fanning the eggs are significant for water circulation, which is significant for the distribution of nutrients for the nourishment of the sea anemone (Drury 2008 p 63). The Clownfish is covered by a mucus coating around its body which as Wittenrich et al. (2007 p 93) observed are derived from sugars, which is one of the factors that prevents the stinging reaction of the sea anemone as the nematocysts are triggered by the presence of protein based substances in the surrounding. The fish dwell in one sea anemone as a group, which means that several sea anemones will host different groups of fish (Godwin 1994 p 561). In other words one sea anemone is the territory of one small group of fish. Clownfish is one of the aquatic organisms whose sex remains a subject of controversy. It is generally known that the fish is capable of switching its sex. This essay is a critique of the Clownfish mating process and gender changes that occur, as well as an exploration of the different species. The ability to switch sex is one of the aspects that make the fish unique especially the fact that this can happen to any adult fish. Kuwamora & Nakashima (1998 p 126) observe that during hatching, the fish are usually one sex, i. e, all males. The dominant male that becomes larger than all the rest during adult stage develops in to a female. None other develops in to a female so long as the dominant female is alive. The fish that follows in terms of size becomes the dominant male, while the rest remain small

Children under 12 Should not Be Introduced to the Internet Essay

Children under 12 Should not Be Introduced to the Internet - Essay Example For this reason, researchers and scholars have not hesitated to state that the internet has become an integral part of the contemporary world. However, science and technology comes at a cost (Staples, 2008, p. 288). The internet causes more harm than benefit to children. Efforts to control activities and content of the internet to children have proved futile since the internet does not belong to any company or state. This paper delineates the dangers that internet poses to children both in social and academic activities. It discovers the risks associated with unsupervised internet use by children. Conspicuous chat rooms, instant messaging and explicit contents are the intermediates that make smooth the progress of the fundamental issues and problems within this topic. In addition, this paper discusses the role of the parents in ensuring their children’s safety in the internet. Unsupervised access to the internet by children under the age of 12 exposes the child to a world of d etrimental dangers that are both physically and psychologically abusive (Livingstone, 2009, p. 23). Arguably, the content in the internet posses a higher danger and risk to children than movies, music and television. Chat rooms and social media have become the areas of interest in exploring the risks exposed to children. In the recent past, cases of abduction, murders and physical and sexual abuses on children have been on the increase. National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children (2005, p. 2) has linked the internet as the major cause of these evils. The report notes that 89 percent of sexual solicitations or approaches occur in the internet annually and that 29 percent of all the children who use the internet have been sexually victimized. In addition, the report suggests that 31 percent of girl children have been sexually harassed in a chat room. Debatably, National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children (2005, p.13) reported in a research, that more than 4 million child ren between the age of 7 and 17 who use the internet have a higher probability of giving out their home address and their email addresses. It has been reported that 29 percent of all the children under the age of 12 who use the internet would give out their home address if asked while 14 percent would give out their email address if requested (National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children, 2005, p. 14). This has been the primary contributor of child abductions and murders. Reports indicate that children have opted to turn to the internet where their social life cannot be known by their parents. The internet permits private and real time conversations. This has made children succeed in safeguarding and protecting their social life from scrutiny by the parents and adults (Staples, 2008, p. 288). However, this has had more harm than benefit. Children spend a lot f time in the internet and are disconnected from the societal happenings that have for long equipped adolescents into ad ult hood (Strasburger & Wilson, 2002, p. 134). Though researches have portrayed the internet as a revolutionary method of supplementing people’s social lives and civic connections, it has replaced head to head connections with friends and family members. For this reason, the internet has left the youths with no social skills. Staples (2008, p. 289) notes that they

Broken Windows Theory Analysis

Broken Windows Theory Analysis Assessing the theory of Broken Windows Wicked people exist. Nothing avails except to set them apart from innocent peopleWe have trifled with the wicked, made sport of the innocent, and encouraged the calculators. Justice suffers, and so do we all James Wilson The basic idea for the Broken Windows theory is that any kind of urban blight – a broken window, graffitied walls, rubbish on the streets, etc. – does no harm to a neighbourhood if it is immediately remedied. However, if left untended, it signifies a lack of care in the community, the kind of environment in which it is acceptable for residents to relinquish any notions of concern. And while the initial damage and disrepair is physical, the next stage is psychological. That is, if it becomes acceptable for people to litter and vandalise at will, why not walk around drunk, or beg for money, or mug others for it? Why not even kill for it? Why follow any kind of rules at all? In sum, the Broken Windows theory postulates that the smallest symptoms can lead to the greatest crimes. This paper will examine the effectiveness of this idea. The Broken Windows theory first became widely known in 1982, when James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling published an article in the Atlantic Monthly called Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety. The article articulated the reasons why minor neighbourhood slights should not be ignored: A piece of property is abandoned, weeds grow up, a window is smashed. Adults stop scolding rowdy children; the children, emboldened, become more rowdy. Families move out, unattached adults move in. Teenagers gather in front of the corner store. The merchant asks them to move; they refuse. Fights occur. Litter accumulates. People start drinking in front of the grocery; in time, an inebriate slumps to the sidewalk and is allowed to sleep it off. Pedestrians are approached by panhandlers (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). On the surface, this idea, that small acts of antisocial behaviour can act as catalysts for others, and that a broken window sends a signal to criminals that it okay to break the law, seems perfectly reasonable and logical. The notion that once people begin disregarding the norms that keep order in a community, both order and community unravel, even follows the concept of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics (systems naturally progress from a state of order to disorder). And almost from its inception, the idea took hold. While the Wilson/Kelling article did the most to publicise the theory, there were some precedents, namely Philip Zimbardos 1969 experiment, in which he left two identical 1959 Oldsmobiles in different neighbourhoods, one near the Bronx campus of New York University and one near the Stanford University campus in Palo Alto, California. The license plates of both cars were removed and the hoods opened to provide the necessary releaser signals (Zimbardo, 1969). In the Bronx, within ten minutes, the car was vandalised, and by the end of the day was stripped bare. In Palo Alto, the car remained untouched for a week, until Zimbardo himself broke one of its windows with a sledgehammer, at which point others joined in. Within a few hours, the car was completely destroyed. (Gladwell, 1996). Zimbardos focus was on the psychological aspects of authority and anonymity, and his experiment aimed to understand what factors and to what extent human behaviour was governed by environmental and physiological stimuli, a process known as deindividuation: a series of antecedent social conditions lead to a change in perception of self and others, and thereby to a lowered threshold of normally restrained behavior (Zimbardo, 1969). Wilson and Kellings article, however, was more prescriptive, and was focused on applying the Broken Windows theory to law enforcement procedures. And it is in this way that politicians and police have regarded the theory over the past twenty-five years, paving the way for a slate of reforms aimed at promoting deterrence through arrests, imprisonment and harsh sentencing, with a heavy reliance on the criminal justice system to impart severe and swift penalties (Conklin, 1992). Within the article, the authors discuss the historical function of police work, which they describe as maintaining public order: From the earliest days of the nation, the police function was seen primarily as that of a night watchman: to maintain order against the chief threats to order – fire, wild animals, and disreputable behavior. Solving crimes was viewed not as a police responsibility but as a private one (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). However, this eventually changed, and detective work (solving crimes) took on a greater role, a shift that the authors feel should be reversed: A great deal was accomplished during this transition, as both police chiefs and outside experts emphasized the crime-fighting function in their plans, in the allocation of resources, and in deployment of personnel. The police may well have become better crime-fighters as a result. And doubtless they remained aware of their responsibility for order. But the link between order-maintenance and crime-prevention, so obvious to earlier generations, was forgotten (ibid). Another criticism felled by Wilson and Kelling was the lack of community policing, or the beat officer on foot, patrolling the neighbourhood. Instead, there had been a steady shift towards keeping the officers in their squad cards, in which case they were isolated, removed from the people of the neighbourhood and the life on the street, whereas what foot-patrol officers did was to elevate, to the extent that they could, the level of public order in these neighborhoods (ibid). In short, the officer on foot was not only more accessible, and thus a part of the community; he was better able to understand it and serve it. The majority of the theory, however, has to do with a new focus on smaller crimes – beggars, drunks, teenagers, litter, etc. – rather than big ones. These so-called gateway crimes are where the real offenses take root; eliminate these, and the major crimes will be stopped before they have a chance to foster and spread: The citizen who fears the ill-smelling drunk, the rowdy teenager, or the importuning beggar is not merely expressing his distaste for unseemly behavior; he is also giving voice to a bit of folk wisdom that happens to be a correct generalization – namely that serious street crime flourishes in areas in which disorderly behavior goes unchecked. The unchecked panhandler is, in effect, the first broken window (ibid). But does the theory work? As of yet, there has been no scientific evidence proving it does. Even Wilson himself a few years ago admitted: People have not understood that this was a speculation (Hurley, 2004). It should be noted that on the very first page of the Atlantic Monthly article, where the authors were giving a history of community policing in Newark, NJ, they mentioned a study by the Police Foundation that discovered that while foot patrol had not reduced crime rates, residents seemed to feel more secure than persons in other areas (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). On the surface, this seems pretty straightforward – because foot patrols did not lead to a drop in crime rates, they didnt do anything to make neighbourhoods safer. However, Wilson and Kelling use the residents testimony to argue that, in fact, the community is safer, because disorder itself is something to be feared: We understand what most often frightens people in public places. Many citizens, of course, are primarily frightened by crime, especially crime involving a sudden, violent attack by a stranger. This risk is very real, in Newark as in many large cities. But we tend to overlook another source of fearthe fear of being bothered by disorderly people (ibid). This is all very well and good, that people appreciate not having to deal with aggressive and disorderly people. But how then is safety being measured, if not by crime rates? The authors certainly arent implying that it can be measured by residents feelings of safety? Regardless, the rest of the article makes no mention of this issue, and concentrates primarily on perceived dangers (how to curb a communitys fears of being bothered by disorderly persons), rather than actual ones (curbing crime rates themselves). The theory had its first test in the early 90s, when the Mayor of New York, Rudy Giuliani, implemented his own version of it to target the citys high crime rate. This didnt happen simply by chance; George Kelling was a senior fellow of the Manhattan Institute, and was one of Giulianis advisors (DePalma, 2002). The term that was used to describe the new initiative was the no tolerance policy. This phrase, along with another that soon followed (quality of life), acted as the cornerstones for Giulianis mayorship. He aimed to aggressively target even minor infractions (no tolerance) in order to clean up the city and make New York a safe place to live (improved quality of life). Police were given powers that they never before had, and were encouraged to hand out tickets and arrests for anything and everything. For the cops, Chief of Police William Bratton commented, they were a bonanza. Every arrest was like opening a box of Cracker Jacks. What kind of toy am I going to get? Got a gun? Got a knife? Got a warrant? Do we have a murderer here? Each cop wanted to be the one who came up with the big collar. It was exhilarating for the cops and demoralizing for the crooks (Bratton, 1998). In addition to the usual list of offenders – drunks, panhandlers, juvenile delinquents – were added jaywalkers and squeegee men, those homeless men and women who aggressively and without asking would clean a cars windshield while the driver was stuck in traffic, and then demand payment. The effect of the new procedures was instant and irrevocable: crime dropped to its lowest figures in four decades, and stayed there. At the present moment, New York City is the safest big city in America. However, whether this decline can solely or even partially be attributed to Broken Windows is up for debate. At the same time the police were implementing harsh no tolerance crackdowns, the crack cocaine market bottomed out, which resulted in less drug deals, fewer addicts on the street and a reduction in violent turf wars, all of which at one time were responsible for numerous muggings and murders (Harcourt, 2002). In addition, over the same time period, there were dramatic improvement s in emergency response capabilities and medical care, which ended up saving the lives of countless people who previously would have died (Lizza, 2002). There were also important changes at the New York Police department during this time that could have explained the drop in crime, including a significant increase in the number of police officers. In 1992, Giulianis predecessor, David Dinkins, hired over two thousand new officers under the Safe Streets, Safe City project, and Giuliani himself hired another four thousand, and merged another six thousand Transit and Housing Authority officers into the ranks of the New York Police Department (Harcourt, 2002). Because of this, the department increased from 26,856 in 1991 to 39,779 in 2000, giving New York the largest police force in the country, with the highest ratio of officers to civilians of any major city (U.S. Department of Justice, 1992). Another argument against the success of Broken Windows is that the 1990s were generally a boom time. The stock market, employment and wages were all at record highs throughout the United States, and crime rates are usually more prevalent when times are hard. For example, crime fell in many large cities – San Francisco, San Diego, Los Angeles, Houston, Boston and others – at exactly the same time, and in some cases in an even more dramatic fashion: One study found that New York Citys drop in homicides, though impressive, is neither unparalleled nor unprecedented. Houstons drop in homicides of 59 percent between 1991 and 1996 outpaced New York Citys 51 percent decline over the same period. Another study looked at the rates of decline in homicides in the seventeen largest U.S. cities from 1976 to 1998 and found that New York Citys recent decline, though above average, was the fifth largest, behind San Diego, Washington, D.C., St. Louis, and Houston (Joanes, 1999). And many of these cities did not implement the kind of order-maintenance procedures that New York did. For example, the San Diego police department instilled a model based on community-police relations. Their strategy was one of sharing the responsibility of identifying and solving crimes with neighbourhood residents. Because of this, San Diego not saw a marked decrease in crime, but experienced a 15 percent drop in arrests, and an 8 percent drop in complaints of police misconduct (Greene, 1999). In addition, San Francisco made community involvement a priority, and felony incarcerations dropped from 2,136 in 1993 to 703 in 1998, and rape, robbery, aggravated assault and total violent crime decreased more than the rate in New York over the same period (Khaled and Macallair, 2002). Other cities, including Los Angeles, Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio, also experienced significant decreases in crime without adopting as coherent a policing strategy as New York or San Diego. The fact is that there was a remarkable drop in crime in many major cities in the United States during the 1990s, many of which used a variety of different strategies. To attribute New Yorks declining crime rates to merely their implementation of more aggressive initiatives is overly simplistic. However, New Yorks success got the most publicity, and much of the country wanted to learn from Giuliani and to implement their own no tolerance policies. And its popularity in the U.S. was only matched by its appeal abroad. In 1998, representatives from over 150 police departments from around the world visited New York to learn about order-maintenance policing, and in 2000, another 235 police departments, the vast majority from overseas, followed suit (Gootman, 2000). However, even if the Broken Windows theory is correct, it has still never been fully explained as to how it works. It could be argued that those who choose to commit crimes, denied the signals they would normally receive from low-grade disorder, move on to different locales. But where do they go? And if such places existed, couldnt they implement their own Broken Windows initiatives? One possible answer comes from writer and social theorist Malcolm Gladwell, who suggests that crime actually does increase or decrease much like an epidemic, and at certain thresholds will turn, rather than rise and fall in a typical linear fashion (Gladwell, 1996). Wilson and Kelling for their part fail to talk much about the specifics by which public disorder turns into crime. They simply say it does, as do most of the theorys supporters. However, some seem to have taken the idea to illogical extremes, such as a Lancaster, Pennsylvania reporter commenting on the citys new quality of life initiatives: If you put a couch out in a backyard, somebody could get raped on that couch (Van Nguyan, 2001). Bernard Harcourt, who has written extensively on the issue, believes that the aggressive prosecution of disorderly behaviour has had little effect on crime rates dropping. His argument is that the increased number of arrests, searchers, surveillance, and police officers on the streets has had the fairly straightforward effect of bringing more small offenses to light, and that no provable connection has ever made between disorder and crime (Harcourt, 2002). His worry is that this sets a dangerous precedent, and that the unfounded power of the police will only lead to more drastic action against less drastic offenses, especially minorities: Incidents like the NYPDs alleged torture of a Haitian naturally reinforce minority citizens distrust of the police. This mistrust has been boosted of late by numerous television videotapes showing police officers beating up unresisting citizens. In most cases, the cops were white and those on the receiving end of their clubs were black or Latino (McNamara, 1997). However, this is exactly in line with what Wilson and Kelling argue for, this bygone era of policing: The police in this earlier period assisted in that reassertion of authority by acting, sometimes violently, on behalf of the community. Young toughs were roughed up, people were arrested on suspicion or for vagrancy, and prostitutes and petty thieves were routed. Rights were something enjoyed by decent folk, and perhaps also by the serious professional criminal, who avoided violence and could afford a lawyer (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). Kelling himself spent some time accompanying an officer (Kelly) on his beat, the experience of which again illustrates a strange tolerance for lawlessness on the part of the police: Sometimes what Kelly did could be described as enforcing the law, but just as often it involved taking informal or extralegal steps to help protect what the neighborhood had decided was the appropriate level of public order. Some of the things he did probably would not withstand a legal challenge (ibid). After all, what can extralegal possibly mean other than illegal? It seems odd that this is the sort of behaviour the authors advocate, one in which officers are allowed to take the law into their own hands, but anyone who commits even the smallest of trespasses – jaywalking, littering, urinating in public – needs to be several punished. It certainly doesnt put much faith in the fairness of the model. And, in fact, the Broken Windows model is far from fair. One of its constant critiques is that the kinds of offenses it targets are primarily those carried out by the poor. There is no mention of embezzlement, crooked accountants, insurance scams, loan sharks or slumlords, crimes typical of the wealthy. And these offenses, certainly, can have just as detrimental effect on a community as a host of unsightly behaviours, if not more so. The broken windows metaphor is interesting in that it is actually up to landlords to fix real-life broken windows, while it is often those who are not in a position to do so, the community, who are held responsible for the damage. Aside from more people being arrested and subsequently incarcerated, the theory doesnt actually do much to aid a neighbourhood. If the aim is improved public order, couldnt that be achieved with homeless shelters, urban renewal projects and social workers? (Harcourt, 2002). In many ways, the philosophy behind it is almost out of sight, out of mind. And, in fact, this seems to be the view expressed by Kelling and his wife Catherine Coles in Fixing Broken Windows, a book-length exploration of the policing strategies first advocated in 1982: Kelling and Coles take a tough-minded view of who the street denizens we frequently label the homeless really are and what they are doing, sidestepping the politically constructed images of claimants like the homeless that little resemble the aggressive, conniving, often drug-crazed schemers that Kelling and Coles see populating the streets (Skogan, 1997). Skogan, in fact, is so skeptical of the motives of the poor that he cannot even use the word homeless without quotation marks, as if they all have houses somewhere. The problem with this kind of thinking is that it leads to a dangerous two worlds model, where people are either decent and respectable or disingenuous and no good. And, naturally, all the problems in neighbourhoods arise from the actions of the latter. This kind of precedent was set down by Wilson as far back as 1968: The teenager hanging out on a street corner late at night, especially one dressed in an eccentric manner, a Negro wearing a conk rag (a piece of cloth tied around the head to hold flat hair being processed – that is, straightened), girls in short skirts and boys in long hair parked in a flashy car talking loudly to friends on the curb, or interracial couples – all of these are seen by many police officers as persons displaying unconventional and improper behavior (Wilson, 1968). If the police are allowed to restore public order according to their own beliefs and judgments, what is to stop them from carrying out whatever action they deem necessary against the unconventional and improper, including using extralegal measures? Unfortunately, cultural hegemony is nothing new, and many neighbourhoods have enforced rules that govern the actions and abodes of its residents. In every community there is a house that doesnt conform to the aesthetic principles of the rest, a lawn that is never tended or strewn with toys or trash, a derelict car that doesnt meet environmental standards, all of which raise resident ire. But should these things be dealt with under the Broken Windows theory? For example, the town of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, adopted Broken Windows measures in the late 90s, and in 2002, the local newspaper received this letter: This being almost mid-April, shouldnt homeowners have had sufficient time to remove their December holiday decorations? Icicle lights hung year round give the impression of a homeowner with an aversion to work and negatively impacts on neighborhoods (Kelly, 2002). While there are obvious differences between public drunks and icicle lights, in other cases the line is much finer, and the potential for abuse is obvious. Wilson and Kelling, for their part, are aware of the problem, and speak out against it: The concern about equity is more serious. We might agree that certain behavior makes one person more undesirable than another but how do we ensure that age or skin color or national origin or harmless mannerisms will not also become the basis for distinguishing the undesirable from the desirable? How do we ensure, in short, that the police do not become the agents of neighborhood bigotry? We can offer no wholly satisfactory answer to this important question. We are not confident that there is a satisfactory answer except to hope that by their selection, training, and supervision, the police will be inculcated with a clear sense of the outer limit of their discretionary authority. That limit, roughly, is this the police exist to help regulate behavior, not to maintain the racial or ethnic purity of a neighborhood (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). Unfortunately, their only solution is to again have the community put its faith in the integrity and judgment of the law enforcement officer, a notion that does little to quell the doubts of those who might be wrongly typecast as criminal because of their race, age or class. In such a subjective atmosphere, with so much at stake, it seems dubious to give one party the last word, or the ability to render judgment (especially if that party is the one with the gun). By taking the focus off the community, and putting it on the individual, a dangerous precedent is being set. However, not everyone agrees with this line of thinking. In fact, many people, including police officers, understand that the only way for Broken Windows or any other community enforcement project to succeed is by people working together: Without the full cooperation of the community, local government and the courts community policing will not work (police officer Daniel Jenkins, 2002). Unfortunately, the authors themselves dont focus too much on this notion of working together, and, if anything, since the Atlantic Monthly article, have gone even further to highlight the vast differences between people. For example, in 1985, Wilson co-authored with Richard Herrnstein a book called Crime and Human Nature, which describes the various traits by which to classify and identify criminals. The book deals not only with age, class and race but body types, painstakingly sorting and measuring these and other attributes into definable composites of law-abiders and law-breakers. The authors conclusions are fairly predictable, describing those prone to commit crimes as an: Unattached, young, most often racialized other. The youth or young adult, threatening, defiant, suspicious, often black, wearing distinctive designer-label clothes. Or the down-and-out street person in a dirty oversized coat. Or the squeegee man, the panhandler, the homeless person, the turnstile jumper, the public drunk (Harcourt, 2002). In stark opposition to this are the ideas of Felton Earls and his colleagues, who conducted a large-scale study of street crime in Chicago in 1997. The studys main focus was on collective efficacy, which was defined as social cohesion among neighbors and their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good (Sampson, Raudenbush and Earls, 1997). The concept, according to the study, is the greatest predictor of street crime, and not Broken Windows or any form of disorder: Testing broken windows was not the point of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the study planned and conducted by Dr. Earls and colleagues to unravel the social, familial, educational and personal threads that weave together into lives of crime and violenceNonetheless the data gathered for it, with a precision rarely seen in social science, directly contradicted Dr. Wilsons notions (Hurley, 2004). Thus, the seemingly obvious and incontestable connection between crime and disorder may, in fact, not exist at all. Community presence and action may actually be what ultimately fells crime. According to Earls: Its not so much that broken glass or disarray in neighborhoods is the source or root of crime, its really in the social relationships that exist among neighbors, among people who work in neighborhoods, among services and so forth, that the social conditions are there to engage or not to engage citizens, neighbors in watching out for crime or crime-related activity in the neighborhoods (Earls, 2004). And in another no less extensive study two years later, Sampson and Raudenbush found that  disorder and predatory crime were moderately related, but that, when antecedent characteristics were added (such as poverty and neighbourhood trust), the connection between the two vanished in four out of five tests – including homicide, arguably our best measure of violence (Sampson and Raudenbush, 1999). In addition, they discovered that while disorder may have indirect effects on crime by influencing migration patterns, investment by businesses, and overall neighborhood viabilityattacking public order through tough police tactics was politically popular but an analytically weak strategy to reduce crime (ibid). In short, the central tenets of Broken Windows – that disorder leads to crime, and that said crimes are generally carried out by individuals belonging to a criminal class – are questionable. This is not to say that the entire theory is at fault; certainly the notion that a safe neighbourhood is one in which the residents feel secure enough to participate in its defense still holds water. In addition, Wilson and Kelling are correct in urging the community to work with police, and for police to become a part of the community. What they seem to have missed is that the focus of this kind of relationship should rest on there being a real and active presence in the community, and not on crime and disorder. One related irony is that, in the use of Broken Windows policing in New York, for all their effectiveness in cracking down on a wide range of antisocial behaviors, the New York City police never repaired a single broken window, fixed up a single house, or cleaned one vacant lot (Grogan and Proscio, 2000). Furthermore, because of the new aggressive tactics, the city experienced illegal strip searches, extensive sums lost to police misconduct charges, clogged courts and countless traumatic encounters for innocent, ordinary individuals (Harcourt, 2002). In addition, the implementation of a policy of arrest may have had unintended consequences: Someone arrested for turnstile jumping may be fired for missing work; and strained police-civilian relations can create friction between the community and the police force that may be detrimental to solving crimes (ibid). However, this has not stopped cities across the world from emulating Broken Windows procedures, or, for that matter, Giuliani and the Manhattan Institute from exporting their policing philosophies to places like Latin America (despite reservations that what worked in an economic boom in the U.S. may not do as well in extremely poor cities undergoing violent crime and corrupt police) (Village Voice, 2002). The truth of the matter is that Broken Windows is not applicable everywhere, and even within the theory itself there are vagaries, namely the categories of disorder and the disorderly. The concepts are not well-defined; while we identify certain acts as disorderly – panhandling, public drunkenness, litter, prostitution – others – police brutality, tax evasion, accounting fraud – we do not. In addition, the acts themselves are sometimes ambiguous. For example, while people loitering on a buildings front steps or the presence graffiti may signify that a community is disorderly, it is only if they are seen as such. In some neighbourhoods, people loitering may represent strong community bonds, and graffiti may be seen as an art form, or as political or social commentary. The darker truth about Broken Windows is that it attempts to enforce an aesthetically sterile and safe environment, in which one community looks like the next looks like the next. While no one can argue that panhandlers, prostitutes and homeless people, along with litter, dirt and broken windows themselves are not eyesores, their removal is not necessarily a sign of progress. And for those subject to countless and unnecessary searches, acts of intimidation, arrests, imprisonments and the like, it is anything but. Bibliography Bratton, William J. Turnaround: How Americas Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York: Random House, 1998. Conklin, John E. Criminology. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. DePalma, Anthony. The Americas Court: a Group That Changed New York. The New York Times, Nov. 11, 2002. Felton, Earls. National Public Radio, Weekend Edition. Jan. 17, 2004. Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point. The New Yorker, June 3, 1996. Gootman, Elissa. A Police Departments Growing Allure: Crime Fighters From Around World Visit for Tips. The New York Times, Oct. 24, 2000. Greene, Judith A. Zero-Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City. Crime and Delinquency 45, 1999. Grogan, Paul, and Proscio, Tony. Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival. Boulder: Westview Press, 2000. Harcourt, Bernard. Policing Disorder: Can We Reduce Serious Crime by Punishing Petty Offenses? Boston Review, April/May, 2002. Hurley, Dan. Scientist at Work – Felton Earls: On Crime as Science (A Neighbor at a Time). The New York Times, Jan. 6, 2004. Jenkins, Daniel. Community Policing Problems: Most People Dont Want to Become Involved. The Sunday News, June 30, 2002. Joanes, Ana. Does the New York City Police Department Deserve Credit for the Decline in New York Citys Homicide Rates? A Cross-City Comparison of Policing Strategies and Homicide Rates. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 33, 1999. Kelling, George L. and Coles, Catherine M. Fixing Broken Windows. New York: The Free Press, 199

Dreamweavers Essay

Hinabing Panaginip/ Dream Weavers Reaction Paper Hinabing Panaginip or Dream Weavers, a documentary video directed by Fruto Corre is about the life of the people from Northern Cotobato; the T’bolis. The whole process of making the old T’nalak; one of the most remarkable creations of the T’bolis, was presented in the video. The T’nalak fabric holds a very special place in T’boli culture. It is always present in really important turning points in a T’boli‘s life such as birth, marriage, and death. It has also often been referred to as â€Å"woven dreams†. T’nalak is made of Abaca fibers which traditionally has three primary colors, red, black and the original color of the Abaca leaves. The colorant of the things used in making this traditional cloth are naturally dyed boiled in with bark, roots and leaves of plants. It is said that the T’bolis create T’nalak because they believe that following their dreams is a must. They had to do what is indicated in their memories. The designs that they clearly see in their dreams have certain meanings and requirements. With this, T’nalak has become their sacred treasure. The T’bolis expressed everything in the T’nalak: their dreams, beliefs, myths and even their religion. T’bolis consider it taboo to cut the cloth because they strongly believe that doing so will make them severely ill. They respect T’nalak weavers a lot like how they do to their warriors. The undenaiable quality of the fabric is a rich legacy of creative art handed down from generation to generation for thousands of years. Perhaps, the artistic and spiritual dedication of the T’boli women of Lake Sebu made the existence of T’nalak last for centuries. But as time goes by, urbanization has forced most tribe members into poverty. Mo dernization became a threat to their culture. Watching the documentary video made me feel proud and sad at the same time. As a Filipino, I am very proud to have the same nationality as these  very talented, hardworking and passionate people. They really made me want to salute them for they deserve a â€Å"You’re the best† award. I was amazed on how people can be that artistic. I have never imagined that a used ballpen could become a bead to produce necklaces! But I was disappointed because I realized that these days, people would not want to buy our own products. In fact, people would buy imported ones instead. Before, one T’nalak is equivalent to a horse or a house. But now, one T’nalak only costs about two to three hundred pesos. See how things change in a matter of time? I still believe that no matter how hard it is to survive in this era, the T’bolis will still keep their culture intact. I pray that their artistic spirit will not only last for another century but for eternity.

Persian Wars: Cause of the 499-404 B.C.E

The Persian wars are often compared to the Trojan wars due to the effects they had on Greek history. Athenians who were cultural and politically superior to the Greek considered the wars against Persia as some of the defining and greatest moments in their history (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, & Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). Despite the defining effects that the Persian wars had on the history of the Athenian and the Greek, their beginning was nothing big. In mid sixth century BCE, Croesus who was the king of the Lydians took control of all Greek cities along the Asian Minor coast (McKay, Bennett, Beck, Crowston, & Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). When the Persians conquered the Lydians around 545 BCE all states that were under the Lydians came under the rule of the Persians (McKay, Bennett, Beck, Crowston, & Wiesner-Hanks, 2008b). The Persian approach to leadership was defined by close control and they appointed officials who ruled states under a system that can only be defined as tyrannical. Citizens under the system implemented by the Persians were required to pay extremely high taxes and serve in the Persian army (McKay, Bennett, & Buckler, 2003a). Many revolution in history have generally been caused by oppressions and system that are degenerate in terms of social development. The Persian approach to government bore all the classical signs of tyranny and close governance. Under such system the mechanism that will worst affect the weak are made as effective as possible and in the Persian case this was not different. Their most effective system was the tax collection system which collected taxes in a manner that had no bearing on the earning made by individuals and the failure to submit returns could even result in hanging (McKay, Bennett, & Buckler, 2003b). The rulers were imposed on the Greeks, Lydians and Athenian and the kind of rule that such leaders used was oppressive. The rulers kept close contact with the events that happened on the ground which is a characteristic of an approach to leadership that is either oppressive or concerned with the welfare of its members; in this case the former was more relevant. The pressure placed by the Persian government led to underground revolution which were propagated by the opportunism of Aristagoras. Aristagoras sought help from the Spartans and Athenians (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, & Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). The later helped him in though by 495 BCE all rebellious Greek cities has been restored under the Persian government. This did not spell the end of war due to the attention than the Athenians had gotten from Persia for the role they played in the destruction of Ardis. The revenge mission and the expertise that the Athenians had in Hippias who had been a member of the Persian army led to what is referred to as the battle marathon (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, & Wiesner-Hanks, 2008b). By the end of the marathon Greece began an ambitious navy building project due to the influence of Themistocles which propagated the war into a war for supremacy. In summary, the war started by the need for freedom and independence catalyzed by a leaders who was out to fulfill his personal agenda. By gaining support from other states the Persians were defeated due to their lack of commitment to the war. The marathon which served to propagate the Persian war was mainly out of the need for revenge by the Persians and its ‘marathon' stature is resultant of the resistance the Persians got from the well prepared Athenians and Persians. Towards the end of the war the objective was more about gain of supremacy. In the end, the Athenians got all the glory though the role played by the Spartans in the Persian wars can never be underestimated.

Choosing The Career Path That An Individual - 891 Words

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