tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33094765053893057552024-03-07T19:17:41.794-08:00How to write a professional essayHalloween Topics For An EssayTristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-86473993327063882762020-08-26T02:46:00.001-07:002020-08-26T02:46:17.844-07:00Quality Assurance - Ford Motor Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsQuality Assurance - Ford Motor Company - Essay Example cilitated the organization to stay up to date with the progressions and keep up a serious edge over their adversaries, has been its capacity to test new methodologies in its business methodology through rigid structure of value confirmation. Montgomery states, ââ¬Ë..strategy must be a powerful device for controlling the improvement of an organization over timeââ¬â¢ (Montgomery, 2004). While changing elements of the worldwide business has required arrangement and consolidation of the board methodologies that go past the domain of individual companyââ¬â¢s concern, anticipating unmistakable skills has given the organization showcase initiative. The companyââ¬â¢s centered vision towards quality has helped the association to keep up its market initiative even in the latent condition of worldwide economy. The organization has put forth coordinated attempts to follow six sigma models to address the difficulties of the contemporary time. In the crumbling economic situations of worldwide market economy, the organization is fundamentally confronted with two significant issues: proficient and opportune creation of new items; Quality affirmation fulfilling ISO 9000 standard that satisfies the customersââ¬â¢ changing needs inside the limitations of increasing expense. Quality Assurance can be comprehensively characterized as the exercises that convey exclusive expectation of items and administrations to clients everywhere, fulfilling their prerequisites and meeting their evolving inclinations. It guarantees that creation and conveyance of administrations occur in a way that portrays the level of blunder or the issues inside the creation and have essential norm. ISO 9000 is the name of Quality Assurance standard that are followed internationally. The essential prerequisites of ISO 9000 is to build up a very much characterized framework that joins that is all around recorded and the data is spread among the different partners with the goal that they can be followed at each progression of various business forms. In the contemporary occasions of bleeding edge rivalry, Juran attests ââ¬Ëall quality Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-74844648790745454862020-08-22T06:42:00.001-07:002020-08-22T06:42:17.289-07:00The Dead of the Night free essay sampleThe best books stand the trial of time, giving the peruser a fascinating story just as passing on significant subjects and ideasâ⬠In John Marsdenââ¬â¢s continuation of ââ¬Å"Tomorrow When the War Beganâ⬠, set in rustic current Australia, comes his second novel of seven ââ¬Å"The Dead of the Nightâ⬠. John Marsdenââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠has stood the trial of time, by giving the perusers a fascinating story just as passing on significant topics and thoughts. We will compose a custom article test on The Dead of the Night or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The subjects and thoughts of ââ¬Å"Death and Destructionâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Relationships and Friendshipsâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Warfare and Survivalâ⬠, are utilized to pass on significant messages to the perusers, by relating back to the young people life, and high school crowd. Utilizing account told in first individual portrayal by young person Ellie, Marsden strengthens this by utilizing styles and methods, for example, Humor and Juxtaposition, to pass on significant messages to the perusers and adolescent crowd, in this way making the novel a fascinating story, and withstand the trial of time, by passing on significant subjects and thoughts. The subject of Death and Destruction is talked about in the novel ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠. The principal experience with Death and Destruction was the occurrence in Butter Cup Lane (Ch4). While the gathering was covering up in Butter Cup Lane to trap a guard of officers, a foot watch of fighters went to pee in the brambles right where Homer and Chris were stowing away. Homer got a fired firearm and fired the officer, injuring him. ââ¬Å"Jesus help me without pondering it, I purposely pulled the triggerâ⬠â⬠pg 60 Ch4. Ellie is citing that she didnââ¬â¢t need to consider putting the injured trooper out of his hopelessness, since she was anxious about the possibility that that she may pull out on the off chance that she coherently mulled over this thought completely her psyche. Marsden utilizes Ellieââ¬â¢s train of ââ¬Å"no thoughtâ⬠to pass on significant messages to the perusers for the explanation that numerous young people additionally do likewise with their activities and donââ¬â¢t thoroughly consider things suitably. This is the manner by which John Marsden, utilizes the topic of ââ¬Å"Death and Destructionâ⬠to cause his novel to withstand the trial of time, by giving the peruser a fascinating story just as passing on significant subjects and thoughts. The subject of ââ¬Å"Relationships and Friendshipsâ⬠is additionally talked about in the novel, ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠, the underlying experience of connections and kinships was when Homer announced a gathering meeting in the primary part, to recover the gathering n track. The gathering helped the gathering meet up as one once more, after they were feeling frustrated about themselves, for relinquishing Kevin and Corrie. ââ¬Å"Weââ¬â¢ve spun our head for a considerable length of time. Weââ¬â¢ve been disturbed and weââ¬â¢ve been frightened. Itââ¬â¢s time for us to assume responsibility for our heads once more, to be valiant again to do the things we need to doâ⬠â⬠pg 8-9 Ch1. This implies the gathering has been sulking around for an extremely lengthy timespan. They have been disturbed and terrified of what lies in front of them. Homer, who is by all accounts taking on an influential position, says that itââ¬â¢s time for them to refocus. To discover Kevin and Corrie, and to check whether some other guerrilla bunches exists like them. Marsden passes on significant subjects and thoughts, through the topic of ââ¬Å"Relationships and Friendshipsâ⬠, making it an intriguing story, since youngsters are additionally exploring different avenues regarding their companions and connections as well, much the same as Ellie and Lee, and this makes adolescents question whether theyââ¬â¢d in certainty do likewise for their own companions. John Marsden utilizes the present everyday dramatizations, to furnish his perusers with an intriguing novel, in the way that the youngsters manage their issues in their conditions and conditions. This shows ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠can withstand the trial of time, giving the perusers an intriguing story just as passing on significant topics and thoughts. Marsdenââ¬â¢s tale ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠can stand the trial of time, by giving the perusers an intriguing story just as passing on significant subjects and thoughts, through the topic of ââ¬Å"Warfare and Survivalâ⬠. Issues of these conditions, remember enduring the assault for Harveyââ¬â¢s Heroes, living in Hell and enduring all the marking and hanging out all over Wirrawee. One explicit occurrence which features this subject is Butter Cup Lance. The young people before they assault the escort of warriors plunk down and play their strategies and talk about what will occur and the techniques if something turns out badly. Their exchange and discourse additionally shows their dread of the war and their endurance senses. ââ¬Å"And assume a watch had hopped us? Assume weââ¬â¢d been gotten with sawn off fired firearms? Weââ¬â¢d all be set facing a tree and shot and youââ¬â¢d have 5 people groups blood on your handsâ⬠â⬠pg 92. Ellie is shouting at Homer, since he had conflicted with the gathering and what theyââ¬â¢d settled upon and brought the fired firearms in any case, this imperiling their own endurance. Notwithstanding this Homer has broken their trust and put their endurance in question, this relates back to young people for the explanation that fellowships are based on trust. This is the means by which Marsden utilizes the topic of ââ¬Å"Warfare and Survivalâ⬠to pass on significant subjects and thoughts, and give the perusers, with a fascinating story, in this way making ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠stand the trial of time. In ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠Marsden utilizes the account structure of first individual portrayal to adequately furnish the peruser with a fascinating story, just as permitting ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠to stand the trial of time. Marsden utilizes Ellieââ¬â¢s own words and encounters to pass on her sentiments and feelings to the perusers by utilizing the bona fide voice of a multi year old female. Ellie utilizes ââ¬Å"I, weâ⬠and slang and everyday dialects, to reveal to her story. A genuine case of this is when Ellie is bringing everything cutting-edge toward the finish of the novel on pg 270. ââ¬Å"The just thing that I need to write to bring this forward-thinking is about Chris. What's more, what I put wonââ¬â¢t be coherent. Iââ¬â¢m so stirred up with my emotions about everything. â⬠The account likewise follows the structure of entwined activity, storyline and dramatization. Ellie at times gets off course with future undertakings and thoughts. This is the manner by which Marsden utilized first individual portrayal to give the perusers a fascinating story, by utilizing the true voice of a multi year old female, accordingly making the novel stand the trial of time. The strategies of Humor is practiced in the novel ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠, by breaking the strained air with diverting cases, to furnish the peruser with an intriguing story, in this way making ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠stand the trial of the time. There are various models which actualize Humor in the novel. One of them being, when Major Harvey from the Harveyââ¬â¢s Heroes campground was presenting his second in order, ââ¬Å"Captain Killenâ⬠(Punn) to the young people. ââ¬Å"In a couple of seconds I will acquaint with you my second in order, Captain Killenâ⬠â⬠pg 109. Marsden utilized a Punn (type of Humor) to play on the expressions of the second in orders name. Another model was the point at which the gathering strolled into Major Harveyââ¬â¢s tent just because, and was stunned to find how enormous and lavish it was. ââ¬Å"Major Harveyââ¬â¢s tent was so huge by our standardsâ⬠â⬠pg 106. The adolescents were additionally stunned to find that Major Harvey laid down with a mosquito net. ââ¬Å"Bit of an extravagance that; ââ¬Å"Fact is, Iââ¬â¢ve got rather delicate skinâ⬠â⬠pg 106. Marsden utilizes Humor to give the perusers a fascinating story, by helping our temperament; he utilizes Punn and Humor to ridicule Major Harvey in the manner that he is intended to be an extreme head/fighter and this shows the direct inverse of him. It shows that Major Harvey is high upkeep. This is the means by which Marsden delineates Humor in ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠, by giving the peruser a fascinating story, along these lines withstanding the test if time. John Marsden likewise utilizes the style and strategy of Juxtaposition to give his perusers an intriguing story, by contrasting Harveyââ¬â¢s Heroes endeavors, to the gathering of young people in the war. ââ¬Å"Huh! Some of them are strange! They engaged me for a considerable length of time the previous evening, mentioning to me what saints they are. Appear as though their greatest rush was burning down a truck that had been stalled. Theyââ¬â¢d seen the fighters leave it there and drive off in an Ute, so peril level was two on a size of nothing to a hundredâ⬠â⬠pg 114-115. Ellie and Homer locate this clever on the grounds that Harveyââ¬â¢s Heroes is a co-ordinated gathering of ADULTS not adolescents, and the gathering have managed substantially more harm than Harveyââ¬â¢s Heroes. Marsden looks at the adolescents in Hell to a gathering of creatures, taking care of, gathering food, doing it extreme and stowing away. ââ¬Å"Burrows among the rocksâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Running wild in the nightâ⬠, Ellie cites that they are acting like nighttime creatures. Marsden utilizes Juxtaposition to furnish his perusers with a fascinating story, between our gathering of adolescents and their accomplishments in the war contrasted with Harveyââ¬â¢s Heroes. This delineates ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠can withstand the trial of time. In end ââ¬Å"TDOTNâ⬠can stand the trial of time by furnishing the peruser with an intriguing story just as passing on the peruser with significant subjects and thoughts. Marsden does as such by utilizing the significant topics and thoughts of ââ¬Å"Death and Destructionâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Relationships and Friendshipsâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Warfare and Survivalâ⬠. John Marsden utilizes styles and strategies of first individual portrayal, Humor and Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-10369533983172644482020-08-13T04:25:00.001-07:002020-08-13T04:25:03.010-07:00Tenure of Office ActTenure of Office Act Tenure of Office Act, in U.S. history, measure passed on Mar. 2, 1867, by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson ; it forbade the President to remove any federal officeholder appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate without the further approval of the Senate. It also provided that members of the President's cabinet should hold office for the full term of the President who appointed them and one month thereafter, subject to removal by the Senate. With this measure the radical Republicans in Congress hoped to assure the continuance in office of Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and thus prevent any interference with the military occupation of the South in their Reconstruction plan. In order to bring about a court test of the constitutionality of the act, Johnson dismissed Stanton, but the Supreme Court, intimidated by the radicals, refused to pass on the case. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , whom Johnson appointed Secretary ad interim, turned the office bac k to Stanton when the Senate refused to approve his dismissal. Johnson then appointed Gen. Lorenzo Thomas Secretary of War, but Stanton, barricading himself in the department, refused to yield. Johnson's alleged violation of the Tenure of Office Act was the principal charge in the impeachment proceedings against him. When this move failed (May, 1868), Stanton finally gave up. The act, considerably modified in Grant's administration, was in large part repealed in 1887, and in 1926 the Supreme Court declared its principles unconstitutional. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-7131448685546944202020-05-23T22:25:00.001-07:002020-05-23T22:25:03.977-07:00Essay Are Professional Athletes and Actors Overpaid April 13, 2014 English Composition 2 Argument Essay Are Professional Actors and Athletes Overpaid? In this essay I will explore a much debated topic in this country pertaining to the undeniable fact that professional actors and athletes overwhelmingly get paid much higher than the average American. As any highly debated topic, there are always arguments and viewpoints from both sides of the spectrum. Like many Americans, for entertainment I thoroughly enjoy watching both film and professional sporting events. Even though, I have always maintained a firm stance that many in these professions are simply overpaid. I believe once you have read my research and analysis on this topic, you as well will agree from a sociological,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Looking back to the era of the ââ¬Å"Roaring 20ââ¬â¢sâ⬠in which America was enjoying a period of sustained economic prosperity, the average American could at a higher level afford to enjoy different forms of entertainment than previously. This ushered in a new era and cultural dynamic which emphasized organized sports, theatre, and film. Since this era, America has seen economic depression, recession and crisis, but has still remained the wealthiest country in the world. Due to this, the entertainment culture that was created roughly 100 years ago still exists today, and the demand for it continues to grow. Each year more and new gaming devices, games, videos, movies, and television shows are released. Likewise the costs of these products and devices continues to go up. The unfortunate side to this is that it has created a more sedentary lifestyle and culture of everyday America, and in turn attributing to issues as obesity amongst both children and adults. Regardless, we have developed and created this culture with the associated increased demand for this form of entertainment, and the industry is nothing more than happy to oblige us in providing it. In a study conducted by USA TODAY and Statista of top paid Hollywood actors, it found that Robert Downey Jr. earned over $75 million in a one year timeframe from June 2012-June 2013. Much of his earnings were a result of his roles in both ââ¬Å"The Avengersâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Ironman 3,â⬠withShow MoreRelated Athletes Essay1124 Words à |à 5 Pagesplays a game for a living. Today athletes are the highest paid people in the country, with the exception of Donald Trump and his toupee. It is ridiculous to believe that someone is really worth hundreds of millions of dollars, and all they have to do is play a sport that millions of people would play for free if given the chance. Therefore, I strongly believe that professional athletes are overpaid due to several reasons. Schingle stated that personal athletes get paid what the market will bearRead MoreProfessional Athletes are not Overpaid Essay919 Words à |à 4 Pages Professional athletes are not overpaid Professional athletes are highly talented and determined entertainers with extraordinary physical abilities. They compete in various sports to entertain people and make a living. Those include basketball, football, baseball, hockey, tennis, and the list goes on to any athlete that gets paid to play. These athletes train really hard and for long hours to be the best at what they do. Fans pay to watch them perform because they really enjoy seeing themRead MoreThe Debate Over CEO Compensation1349 Words à |à 6 Pages This paper will discuss the reasons why CEOs are not being overpaid. It will apply the utilitarian ethical principle to many a few aspects to CEO compensation and whether or not it is justifiable for such pay. The paper will look at whether or not their performance is justifiable for the pay because they play such a big role in the livelihood of the company along with the principle agency theory and how it is being addressed for the benefit of the shareholders and others involved with the companyRead MoreAre Athletes Overpaid?1122 Words à |à 5 Pages2012 Are Players Overpaid? When sports exploded in the 1900ââ¬â¢s athletes were paid like regular working citizens. Most athletes had to work over the summer to keep their mortgages paid. In present day, professional athletes are dished out astronomical salaries in exchange for their play. Many of these athletes have the opportunity to be set for life within the first years of their contracts. Eighteen and nineteen year olds are given multi-million dollar contracts. While these athletes are getting paidRead MoreEssay about Are Pro Athletes Paid Too Much?728 Words à |à 3 PagesAre professional athletes paid too much? Todayââ¬â¢s sportââ¬â¢s world is the biggest revenue making industry in the world. Different sports bring in different amounts of revenue but they are all enormous amounts. I myself love sports so there are a few sports that I contribute to financially also. Is it fair that professional athletes get paid millions of dollars to entertain us? It is known that the sporting industry Sporting events is a place for people to go, relax, have fun, and do something theyRead MoreFootballers, Are They Getting Paid Too Much2067 Words à |à 6 Pagesexperience; overpaid salary is not an excuse to allow footballer earns such big money. Short Career If we talk about the invidual with big revenue, the field which pops out of our mind is athlete and entertainment. Movie star and singer earn more money than any athlete in the world but that is where the logic is distorted once again. The celebrity could still earn money through advanced years while the case isn t the same for athlete. Al Pacino is currently one of the senior actor and he stillRead MoreShould Athletes Get Paid Too Much Money?2144 Words à |à 9 Pagesthink of famous athletes, they think of them as role models to follow and superstars with a lot of money. What exactly do all of these athletes do with so much money? Do athletes get paid too much, according to this statement ââ¬Å"The top 10 earners rake in a combined $496.9 million, and they sure do know how to treat themselvesâ⬠(Melia). Professional athletes are making too much money in a society that wages are traditionally on the value of someoneââ¬â¢s work. Some might argue that athletes get paid justRe ad MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words à |à 376 Pagesresponsible for the success or failure of the organization. This success or failure is reflected in a manager s career. For example, when a CEO saves a failing corporation, the board rewards this success with bonuses and stock options. When a professional football team starts losing, the owner fires the coach, not the team. vii. The Managerial Skills Managers need three basic sets of skills: technical, interpersonal, and conceptual. a. Technical Skills The skills that include knowledge of and proficiencyRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words à |à 702 Pagesââ¬Å"Googling Lunch,â⬠Wall Street Journal, December 1ââ¬â2, 2007, pp. W1 and W5.) Also furnished were such conveniences as on-site laundry, hair styling, dental and medical care, a car wash, day care, fitness facilities with personal trainers, and a professional masseuse. Brightly colored medicine balls, lava lamps, assorted gadgets and sports equipment gave the appearance of a college campus. Chartered buses had internet access so that commuters to San Francisco could use their laptops. Social events Read MoreCase Study148348 Words à |à 594 PagesSwiss/Swedish engineering company ABB moved its global robotics business headquarters to Shanghai. Illustration 2.3 The Steel Industry The steel industry provides a fairly easy-to-understand case of rapid structural change, and one led by industry actors. Understanding how the leading companies are making an impact helps to counter a risk of ââ¬Ëdeterminismââ¬â¢ in Porterian analyses; in other words, a sense that structures are given rather than changeable. The first question particularly invites a comparative Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-75216267428760040092020-05-12T21:23:00.001-07:002020-05-12T21:23:03.238-07:00Sanity Like One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest - 1905 Words Throughout the mid 1960ââ¬â¢s to the late 1970ââ¬â¢s, the concept and interest of mental illness has been studied and discussed in countless different mediums ranging from films that tackled issues of sanity like One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest to novels that dealt with much darker issues such as schizophrenia in Flora Schreiberââ¬â¢s Sybil. One of the most controversial and talked about productions of the 20th century is Peter Shafferââ¬â¢s 1974 Tony winning play, Equus, which recounts Dr. Martin Dysartââ¬â¢s encounter and treatment of a seventeen year old boy, Alan Strang, who blinded six horses with an icepick. The play focuses on therapy sessions between Dysart and Alan in which Dysart struggles arduously to bring to the surface Alanââ¬â¢s inner psyche and reasons for blinding the different horses. The play has content that may suggest the story focuses on mental illness, sexuality, and religion; however, this is only when the text is read and understood on an efferent level. The true essence of Equus is located in the numerous biblical parallels found through the analyzation of the plot lines that suggest. Through the analysis and biblical relation of plot points and scenes in Equus, the true essence of the story is revealed; not only is Equus a story of mental illness and sexuality, but it is also a parable of sorts, showing biblical passages and stories in a different and more relatable light. The root and essence of the biblical parallels in Equus are present from the first moment thatShow MoreRelatedKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1629 Words à |à 7 PagesKeseyââ¬â¢s One Flew Over The Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest is a timeless classic. This novel has been subject to analysis through many different literary lenses: feminist, Marxist, and of course, psychoanalytic. One Flew Over The Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest provides a plethora of evidence when it comes to using the psychoanalytic lens. The lens in question deals with the teaching of Sigmund Freud. When reading this novel, the audience sees quite clearly that the world of psychology plays an impactful role in One Flew Over The Cuckooââ¬â¢sRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest Essay1604 Words à |à 7 Pages The Truth Even If It Didnââ¬â¢t Happen: One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest By: Aubree Martinez Period 1 One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest by Ken Kesey is one of the greatest novels of the 1960s that expertly uses mental illness, rebellion, and abused authority to captivate the readers. This book is densely populated with interesting characters, such as the new admission R.P. McMurphy, that makes you dive below the surface of sanity, rebellion, and authoritative issues that are spread throughoutRead MoreThe Lines Between Sanity And Insanity1064 Words à |à 5 PagesThe lines between sanity and insanity are commonly tested in young adult literature. Shown to be entirely based on individual perception, sanity or insanity attempt to form a reflection of the charactersââ¬â¢ personalities. In society, as shown in the novels, people are often too quick to write off nonconformist as crazy or insane. Girl, Interrupted and One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest both illustrate how societyââ¬â¢s stern view cause them to treat mental illness unethically and take away from individualismRead MoreOne Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Research Paper1764 Words à |à 8 PagesDrugs and Insanity Against Society The author of the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, Ken Keasey, received his inspiration for the book while volunteering at a veterans hospital. This is where he was first introduced to LSD. The moment he tried it, he became addicted, and began experimenting on himself with the drugs, observing the effects. The novel deals with the tyrannical rule of head Nurse Ratched in a mental hospital somewhere in Oregon. She runs all business and daily life in the asylumRead More Christ-like McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest1379 Words à |à 6 PagesChrist-like McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Ken Kesey utilizes Jesus Christ as a constant symbol throughout One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. The protagonist of the story acts as a model and leader for other characters in the book, just as Christ was for his disciples. It is appropriate that such a leader would be closely associated with a powerful, and worshiped figure. Keseys use of Christ associates the ideas or theories in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest withRead More In ken keseayââ¬â¢s one flew over the cuckooââ¬â¢s nest a psychiatric ward becomes613 Words à |à 3 PagesIn ken keseayââ¬â¢s one flew over the cuckooââ¬â¢s nest a psychiatric ward becomes a metaphor for the oppressive nature of society In ken keseays one flew over the cuckoos nest a psychiatric ward becomes a metaphor for the oppressive nature of society. This symbolic novel relays the story of an inmate standing up against the powerful forces that operate a mental institute. This novel represents more than man vs the institutions. The novel compels us to think about just how thin the line isRead MoreReview Of Ken Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1603 Words à |à 7 Pagesdefinitions of sanity and insanity are affected by many different aspects and according to common knowledge, insanity has a direct correlation to mental illness. Likewise, sanity seems to have a direct link to what is considered normal. One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest by Ken Kesey describes the connection that both insanity and sanity have to mental illness and the people that suffer from it. Furthermore, it describes how the people who work in the mental ward are connected to how sanity and insanityRead More Narration, Metaphors, Images and Symbols in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest3029 Words à |à 13 Pagesand Symbols in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest à à In 1962, when One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest (the Nest), was published, America was at the start of decade that would be characterized by turmoil. Involvement in Vietnam was increasing, civil rights marches were taking place in the south and a new era of sexual promiscuity and drug use was about to come into full swing. Young Americans formed a subgroup in American society that historians termed the ââ¬Å"countercultureâ⬠. The Nest is a product ofRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1549 Words à |à 7 PagesOne Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest In todayââ¬â¢s world with the recent chaos that has erupted many people tend to think that the world has become insane and that they are the last sane individuals alive. However, in the novel One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest the ones who are seeking treatment for insanity seem more reasonable then the sane ones. This is because in the novel, the person that holds jurisdiction, Nurse Ratched also maintains a fearsome reputation. Many people would agree that the theme thatRead MoreRebellion in Fight Club and One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest1861 Words à |à 8 PagesRebellion in Fight Club and One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest All societies have a basic structure, and in order to function well with others, a person must conform to the laws and regulations of said society. In the novels Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk and One Flew Over the Cuckooââ¬â¢s Nest by Ken Kesey, a variety of themes are discussed, with the major theme being rebellion. The main characters of both these novels struggle with the established structure they are living in and are unwilling to conform Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-59772579222532212682020-05-06T12:56:00.001-07:002020-05-06T12:56:09.226-07:00Nursing in Perspectives Free Essays Nursing is a profound profession which requires professional skills and knowledge, high level of expertise and managerial skills. Following Parker Clare (2006): ââ¬Å"Critical thinking is a vital skill to have as a nurse. Nurses are engaged in providing care to people who have a right to high quality professional conduct and health services (p296). We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing in Perspectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Applied to nursing profession, critical thinking aims to improve healthcare services through new methods and self-developed professional skills of nurses. Critical thinking combines the ability to meet the requirement of a new age and respond effectively to technological innovations and scientific discoveries. Changing economic environment and globalization process has a great impact on the nursing science, and compel to specify concepts of management and its fields. During the last decades, the definitions of critical thinking in nursing have been changes. For instance, Ennis Milman in 1985 defined critical thinking in nursing as ââ¬Å"reasonable, reflective thinking focused on what to believe or doâ⬠(Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). In five years, McPeck, (1990) defined it as: ââ¬Å"the propensity to engage in an activity with reflective skepticismâ⬠(Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). Monitoring was an important method that helped to search for new trends in nursing. Today, nurses take into account internal and external factors that influence a patient. The most recent explanation of critical thinking is proposed by the University of New Mexico (2007): ââ¬Å"nursing utilizes critical thinking as diagnostic reasoning and professional or clinical judgment. Critical thinking in nursing is based on a triggering event or situation, a starting point, scaffolds, processes, and outcomes that make up a continuous or iterative feedback loopâ⬠(Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). In modern world, critical thinking in nursing is a broad concept with include advanced knowledge and discovering, creativity and passion, authenticity and ability to foresee coming changes. Critical thinking in nursing aims to extend traditional nursing roles in order to keep abreast of time and rapidly changing technology. Daniels (2004) underlines that it may be exercised as an attribute of position or because of personal knowledge or wisdom. Modern nurses see themselves more as conservators and regulators of the existà ing order of affairs with which they identify, and from which they gain rewards. Critical thinking helps to create a sense of identity which does not depend upon membership or work roles. On the one hand, nursing gendered identity and cultural identity has a great impact on their skills and ability to deliver high quality service. Many problems associated with the relationships between people of different cultures stem from variations in norms and values. Modern society is marked by cultural diversity problems which influence healthcare services and service delivery. Critical thinking is crucial for culturally competent nurse because it helps to communicate with diverse clients and meet their needs. For instance, Hindus and Asians share specific beliefs as for parts of the body and health, and in this case a nurse should take into account cultural and religious practices of these patients. Following Dreher and Macnaughton (2002): ââ¬Å"the health care system has nested the accountability for cultural competency with the clinician who provides direct services to individuals, where the application of cultural information is likely to be least usefulâ⬠(p181). For a nurse, the key advantages of convergence are that ideas and techniques developed in one cultural or national setting may be transferred to another and used effectively. These variables shape the values and hence the behavior of people (Potter Perry, 2005). Critical thinking determines the quality of decisions and actions of a nurse. A higher level of professional autonomy and shared governance should be seen as the main features of critical thinking. Critical thinking is exercised through greater knowledge and experà tise. It may also be based on the perà sonal qualities of the nurse and the manner in which authority is exercised. In contrast to traditional theories of nursing leadership, nursing expert power is based on new knowledge about technology and critical thinking used in nursing profession. Critical thinking is based on credibility and clear evidence of knowledge or expertise; for example, the expert knowledge of ââ¬Ëfunctionalââ¬â¢ specialists. Stone (2000) states that if the information is satisfactorily ascertained from secondary sources, the nurse opts to complete this component of the assessment by relying on past records. Documentary data obtained from patientsââ¬â¢ records is often termed ââ¬Ësecondaryââ¬â¢ because the information has originally been collected by other people and for other purposes. Thus, critical thinking determines further actions and behavior patterns which support clinical and service development. In several decades ago, nurses were limited by strict rules and tasks which prevented them to respond effectively to changing environment (Potter Perry 2005). Today, technology and information technology demands critical thinking and decision making in nursing (Sharp, 2000). Also, there is a great shift in organizational values and personal traits of the nurses. Changing social environment influences human values and conflicts with human dignity and importance (Sullivan Decker, 2005). The balance of power has undoubtedly shifted to nurses who have more choice over how to conducts relationships with their administration, colleagues and patients. Critical thinking in nursing is aimed to improve influences on the environment and determine perspectives of further development on the macro- and micro- level. In this situation, to be an effective and professional nurse, it is necessary to exercise the role of critical thinker based on advanced knowledge and expertise (Durgahee, 2003). A common view is that the job of the nurse requires the ability of critical thinking and that leadership is in effect a sub-set of management. In terms of critical thinking, there is a need to be flexible and be ready to innovate and to adopt new technologies as they come along. The way in which healthcare organization has to employ the latest technology can be an important determinant of its competitive advantage. For instance, increased role of computers and technological solutions require new skills and decision making practices in medicine. For instance, if technology does not work properly and it threatens life of a patient, a nurse should react accordingly to the situation and replace it with alternative solution (Kozier et al 2004). Critics (Sullivan Decker, 2005) admit that three decades ago nurses were not ready and prepared to apply critical thinking to their work and this led to high death rates caused by technology failure. Healthcare is one of the main industries responsible for exceptional service quality and interpersonal communication. Service quality is determined by technological processes and innovations in its field. Critical thinking has speeded up health delivery processes, transformed working practices and increased the efficiency of healthcare services. Interestingly, it is in the technological environment that it is someà times possible for large healthcare organizations to actually exert influence rather than be the recipients of it. Respect and personal worth of every patient are the core human-related factors employed by the nurses (Garrison 2004). Nursing staff is responsible for communication and interaction with the patients. For this reason, nurses should be flexible to respond effectively to changing environment and customers groups. As a result, high degree of autonomy cannot be effectively used by all nursing staff. Healthcare organizations start to apply ââ¬Ëcritical thinkingââ¬â¢ into practice seeing it as a high level of specialist practice and competitive advantage in healthcare services. Also, critical thinking in nursing is concerned with those activities involved in recruiting of professional staff, training, and development within the healthcare infrastructure, namely the systems of planning, finance, medical service control, etc. which are crucially important to an strategic capability in all healthcare activities (Potter Perry, 2005). Today, a special attention is given to proper function of medical staff and empowerment which helps to improve efficiency of medical practice. Critical thinking is one of the main requirements in modern service learning. In learning, ââ¬Å"critical thinking [is] a reasoning process reflecting on ideas, actions, and decisions in clinical experience by the nursing student and others (Anaya et al 2003, p99). The advantages of critical thinking in nursing are fast response to changing conditions and environment and ability to apply recent technologies into practice. It increases confidence of nurses and level of healthcare services. Using critical thinking approach, nurses are able to shift the situation using these new creative approaches based on advanced relationships and inquiry. Also, it is strongly influenced by resources outside the healthcare organization which are an integral part of the chain of activities between the healthcare service design and the level of medial treatment (Sharp, 2000). Change is a threat to routine and their role in healthcare management. It is also true that many nurses do not know what their role is, and in recent years attempts have been made to clarify individual roles. Critical thinking is ââ¬Ëa vital skillââ¬â¢ for nurses because it determines the style of management and leadership. Critical thinking can be interpreted as a response to the need to meet heightened customer expectations and face intensià fied technology solutions. Critical thinking encourages nurses to adopt a positive attitude and have personal involvement in service delivery. Also, it allows healthcare organization to expose nursing staff to new forms of service and management. Critical thinking is constructed on a rational basis and allows nurses respond to patientsââ¬â¢ needs in an appropriate manner. For a modern nurse, it is crucial to be accountable to patientsââ¬â¢ families, and close friends who come to visit them. References 1. à Anaya, A., Doheny, M.O., Panthofer, N., Sedlak, C.A. (2003). Critical Thinking in Studentsââ¬â¢ Service-Learning Experiences. College Teaching, 51 (3), 99-104. 2. Critical Thinking in Nursing The University of New Mexico (2007). Retrieved 31 May 2007, fromà http://hsc.unm.edu/consg/conct/whatis.shtml 3. à Daniels, R. (2004). Nursing Fundamentals: Caring and Clinical Decision Making, Thomas Learning, Oregon. 4. Dreher, N., Macnaughton, N. (2002). Cultural competency in nursing: foundation or fallacy? Nursing Outlook, Sep-Oct; 50 (5):181-6. 5. à Durgahee, T. (2003). Higher level practice: degree of specialist practice? Nurse Education Today. Apr; 23 (3), 191-201. 6. Garrison, D.R., Morgan, D.H., Johnson, J.G. (2004). Thriving in chaos: Educating the nurse leaders of the future. Nursing Leadership Forum. Fall; 9 (1), 23-27. 7. Kozier B., Erb G., Berman A. Snyder S. (2004). Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process and Practice, New Jersey, Pearson Education Inc. 8. Potter, P. Perry, A. (2005). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier PTE LTD, Singapore. 9. à Sharp, Nancy. (April 2000). The 21st century belongs to nurse practitioners. Nurse Practitioner, p. 56 10. Sullivan, E.J., Decker, Ph. J. (2005). Effective leadership Management in Nursing 6th ed. Pearson Hall. à How to cite Nursing in Perspectives, Essay examples Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-18640128765460483412020-05-03T11:11:00.001-07:002020-05-03T11:11:02.790-07:00Effect of Living Situation on Students Academic Performance in School free essay sample When students earn a below average grade on examinations or a report card, it does not necessarily mean that they did not study hard enough. There are many intelligent children who do not perform well in school, not because they cannot comprehend classroom lessons, but because of external factors that affect their academic success. Many factors have been identified to influence academic performance whether positively or negatively. One of these factors that the researcherââ¬â¢s identified is the living situation of college students. The living situations that a college student experience are varied due to the diversity of housing options and environments available. Some of the aspects of college student living environments may act as stress factors in studentsââ¬â¢ lives. The stress related to living situations that college studentsââ¬â¢ experience has several sources including relationships with roommates, suitemates, the condition of the rooms, apartments, or houses that students inhabit, the neighborhood, area on campus, and general living environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Living Situation on Students Academic Performance in School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These sources of stress undoubtedly have an impact on the studentââ¬â¢s academic performance. Academic performance is the evidence how well a student meets standards set out by local government and the institution itself. The extent of studentââ¬â¢s learning may be determined by the grades a student earns for a period of learning has been done. It is believed that a grade is a primary indicator of such learning. If a learner earns high grades it is concluded that they may also have learned a lot while low grades indicate lesser learning. Studies would say that there is a relationship between the living accommodation and academic performance of college students, on the other hand, a number of researchers also claim that there is none. This study will show the relationship between the living situation and its impact on the academic performance among college students. Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-51552236710863682342020-03-26T04:52:00.001-07:002020-03-26T04:52:03.072-07:00Prop. 38 Essays - Education Economics, Alternative Education Prop. 38 ?School Vouchers? School vouchers are the educational topic of the millennium. In California, if Prop. 38 were passed it would grant K-12 students a $4,000-a-year voucher to receive private schooling. This proposition has some ups and some downs in my viewpoint and in this paper I will tell you about school vouchers, I will also tell you about the opponents and the supporters of the bill, the candidates for President stance on the issue and finally my thoughts about school vouchers. Proposition 38, the initiative that would grant a $4,000-a-year voucher to K-12 students to attend a private school(Saunders A-24). The vouchers have been tested in a few cities including Dayton, Ohio, Washington D.C. and New York. Some bad news for supporters of Prop. 38 were that students offered the vouchers ? 47 percent in Washington, 46 percent in Dayton and 24 percent in New York- did not use them?(Zernike 2). ?Its poor kids who lack options? and public schools know a captive society when they see it. They can under educate the kids with little negative effect?(Saunders A-24). Most Supporters of Prop. 38 want to do things for the better of Americas Children. They say that this bill will better education for all students not just the ones who get into private school. This they say is true because the vouchers will bring up competition among schools and force them to better their acts. for most Americans public education is the only option?(So You Wanna Know? 1). They say that this will finally give all children a chance to go private school or at least get into the private school atmosphere. A fact brought up by an opponent of the proposition was there was no significant test score difference between students who attended private school and the students who attended public school?(Zernike 1). The foes also state, ?School vouchers are the fools gold of educational reform?(Wickham 29A). They are trying to get across their point that school vouchers are not the way to go. In the 2000 Election, there are two major candidates, Al Gore and George W. Bush. Al Gore seems to want to get a higher level of education for America's kids and he also knows how much a good education is worth in this country. George W. Bush also wants the betterment of America's education. Both Candidates take education into high regard. This election will better the education quality of America by a long shot. I'm kind of unsure whether or not I'd vote for Prop. 38. This bill would be good if all the kids were guaranteed a spot in a private school or to be in the private school atmosphere, but thy are not. This is why it makes me unsure whether or not I'd vote for the bill. If there was a guarantee in vote YES without a doubt. In conclusion, I have told you about school vouchers. Like I said school vouchers would be more likely to get passed if they had a guarantee. I guess it would not hurt to try something new because its darn sure that what were doing now is not working as well as it is supposed to. I guess its save for me to say VOTE YES ON 38. Bibliography Bibliography ? Bush, George W. ?The Battle Over School Choice PBS Interview?, Frontline.10/02/2000 ? Gore, Al. ?The Battle Over School Choice PBS Interview?, Frontline.10/02/2000 ? Saunders, Debra J. ?A Lifeline For Poor Kids In Bad Schools? San Francisco Chronicle. 20 September 2000, A-24 ? ?So You Wanna Know About School Vouchers?, soyouwanna.com, 14 September 2000: 1-4 Http://www.soyouwanna.com/site/pros_cons/vouchersFULL.html ? Stockton Teachers Association 30 August 2000 ? Wickham, Dewayne. ?Vouchers Help Too few Students? USA Today. 4 September 2000: 29-A Social Issues Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-60312048155195621212020-03-06T16:26:00.001-08:002020-03-06T16:26:03.289-08:00Free Essays on 50 Cent50 Cent born Curtis Jackson 26 years ago is the real deal, the genuine article. He's a man of the streets, intimately familiar with its codes and its violence, but still, 50 Cent, an incredibly intelligent and deliberate man, holds himself with a regal air as if above the pettiness which surrounds him. Couple his true-life hardship with his knack for addictiveness to the game of rap and hip-hop, great hooks, it is perfectly clear that 50 Cent has exactly what it takes to ride down the road to riches and diamond rings. 50 Cent born into a notorious Queens drug dynasty during the late 70ââ¬â¢s. Raised without a father, 50 mother died when he was 14. Now 50 was an orphaned now, father no where to be found. 50 had to live with his grandparents. His grandparents were unable to handle him in his teen years, so he was driven to the streets. 50 had no where else to go or anyone to depend on. Thatââ¬â¢s the choices we made for the life he wanted. We all have choices. 50 was known in Queens as Guy R. Brewer Blvd. On York Avenue. There 50 stepped up to amusing a small fortune and lengthy rap sheet. 50 Cent was getting into a lot of trouble. All because he didnââ¬â¢t have any parents, friends, relative, no one else to go to but himself. 50 later had a son. 50 Cent began to pursue rap seriously now he was determined to make it. At JMJ, the label of Run DMC DJ Jam Master Jay, he began learning his trade. 50 learned how to count bars and structure songs. Unfortunately the death of JMJ had occurred, and there wasnââ¬â¢t much JMJ could do for 50. Mean while in 1999 50 was sighed by Columbia records. They shipped 50 to NY where he was locked up on drug charges. While incarcerated 50 wrote songs on how to rob people, and later late recoded in the studio with Columbia. The song blew through the roof a day dreamer of robbing famous rappers like Jay-Z, Big Bun, Sticky Fingaz, and Ghostface. The artist later replied on the hit song toward 50 and h... Free Essays on 50 Cent Free Essays on 50 Cent 50 Cent born Curtis Jackson 26 years ago is the real deal, the genuine article. He's a man of the streets, intimately familiar with its codes and its violence, but still, 50 Cent, an incredibly intelligent and deliberate man, holds himself with a regal air as if above the pettiness which surrounds him. Couple his true-life hardship with his knack for addictiveness to the game of rap and hip-hop, great hooks, it is perfectly clear that 50 Cent has exactly what it takes to ride down the road to riches and diamond rings. 50 Cent born into a notorious Queens drug dynasty during the late 70ââ¬â¢s. Raised without a father, 50 mother died when he was 14. Now 50 was an orphaned now, father no where to be found. 50 had to live with his grandparents. His grandparents were unable to handle him in his teen years, so he was driven to the streets. 50 had no where else to go or anyone to depend on. Thatââ¬â¢s the choices we made for the life he wanted. We all have choices. 50 was known in Queens as Guy R. Brewer Blvd. On York Avenue. There 50 stepped up to amusing a small fortune and lengthy rap sheet. 50 Cent was getting into a lot of trouble. All because he didnââ¬â¢t have any parents, friends, relative, no one else to go to but himself. 50 later had a son. 50 Cent began to pursue rap seriously now he was determined to make it. At JMJ, the label of Run DMC DJ Jam Master Jay, he began learning his trade. 50 learned how to count bars and structure songs. Unfortunately the death of JMJ had occurred, and there wasnââ¬â¢t much JMJ could do for 50. Mean while in 1999 50 was sighed by Columbia records. They shipped 50 to NY where he was locked up on drug charges. While incarcerated 50 wrote songs on how to rob people, and later late recoded in the studio with Columbia. The song blew through the roof a day dreamer of robbing famous rappers like Jay-Z, Big Bun, Sticky Fingaz, and Ghostface. The artist later replied on the hit song toward 50 and h... Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-43686272599235171652020-02-19T07:53:00.001-08:002020-02-19T07:53:02.525-08:00Clownfishing Mating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsClownfishing Mating - Essay Example The fish thrive in the warm waters of the tropics (Maddern 1990 p 36). They are mainly found in the salty waters of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. The excretion from the fish is a major source of nourishment for the sea anemone that absorbs the nutrients emanating from fecal matter. More over, the movements of the Clownfish in the water surrounding the sea anemone, especially when fanning the eggs are significant for water circulation, which is significant for the distribution of nutrients for the nourishment of the sea anemone (Drury 2008 p 63). The Clownfish is covered by a mucus coating around its body which as Wittenrich et al. (2007 p 93) observed are derived from sugars, which is one of the factors that prevents the stinging reaction of the sea anemone as the nematocysts are triggered by the presence of protein based substances in the surrounding. The fish dwell in one sea anemone as a group, which means that several sea anemones will host different groups of fish (Godwin 1994 p 561). In other words one sea anemone is the territory of one small group of fish. Clownfish is one of the aquatic organisms whose sex remains a subject of controversy. It is generally known that the fish is capable of switching its sex. This essay is a critique of the Clownfish mating process and gender changes that occur, as well as an exploration of the different species. The ability to switch sex is one of the aspects that make the fish unique especially the fact that this can happen to any adult fish. Kuwamora & Nakashima (1998 p 126) observe that during hatching, the fish are usually one sex, i. e, all males. The dominant male that becomes larger than all the rest during adult stage develops in to a female. None other develops in to a female so long as the dominant female is alive. The fish that follows in terms of size becomes the dominant male, while the rest remain small Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-87353857064949682142020-02-04T06:17:00.001-08:002020-02-04T06:17:02.949-08:00Children under 12 Should not Be Introduced to the Internet EssayChildren under 12 Should not Be Introduced to the Internet - Essay Example For this reason, researchers and scholars have not hesitated to state that the internet has become an integral part of the contemporary world. However, science and technology comes at a cost (Staples, 2008, p. 288). The internet causes more harm than benefit to children. Efforts to control activities and content of the internet to children have proved futile since the internet does not belong to any company or state. This paper delineates the dangers that internet poses to children both in social and academic activities. It discovers the risks associated with unsupervised internet use by children. Conspicuous chat rooms, instant messaging and explicit contents are the intermediates that make smooth the progress of the fundamental issues and problems within this topic. In addition, this paper discusses the role of the parents in ensuring their childrenââ¬â¢s safety in the internet. Unsupervised access to the internet by children under the age of 12 exposes the child to a world of d etrimental dangers that are both physically and psychologically abusive (Livingstone, 2009, p. 23). Arguably, the content in the internet posses a higher danger and risk to children than movies, music and television. Chat rooms and social media have become the areas of interest in exploring the risks exposed to children. In the recent past, cases of abduction, murders and physical and sexual abuses on children have been on the increase. National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children (2005, p. 2) has linked the internet as the major cause of these evils. The report notes that 89 percent of sexual solicitations or approaches occur in the internet annually and that 29 percent of all the children who use the internet have been sexually victimized. In addition, the report suggests that 31 percent of girl children have been sexually harassed in a chat room. Debatably, National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children (2005, p.13) reported in a research, that more than 4 million child ren between the age of 7 and 17 who use the internet have a higher probability of giving out their home address and their email addresses. It has been reported that 29 percent of all the children under the age of 12 who use the internet would give out their home address if asked while 14 percent would give out their email address if requested (National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children, 2005, p. 14). This has been the primary contributor of child abductions and murders. Reports indicate that children have opted to turn to the internet where their social life cannot be known by their parents. The internet permits private and real time conversations. This has made children succeed in safeguarding and protecting their social life from scrutiny by the parents and adults (Staples, 2008, p. 288). However, this has had more harm than benefit. Children spend a lot f time in the internet and are disconnected from the societal happenings that have for long equipped adolescents into ad ult hood (Strasburger & Wilson, 2002, p. 134). Though researches have portrayed the internet as a revolutionary method of supplementing peopleââ¬â¢s social lives and civic connections, it has replaced head to head connections with friends and family members. For this reason, the internet has left the youths with no social skills. Staples (2008, p. 289) notes that they Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-19252306549999253732020-01-27T02:41:00.001-08:002020-01-27T02:41:05.122-08:00Broken Windows Theory AnalysisBroken Windows Theory Analysis Assessing the theory of Broken Windows Wicked people exist. Nothing avails except to set them apart from innocent peopleWe have trifled with the wicked, made sport of the innocent, and encouraged the calculators. Justice suffers, and so do we all James Wilson The basic idea for the Broken Windows theory is that any kind of urban blight ââ¬â a broken window, graffitied walls, rubbish on the streets, etc. ââ¬â does no harm to a neighbourhood if it is immediately remedied. However, if left untended, it signifies a lack of care in the community, the kind of environment in which it is acceptable for residents to relinquish any notions of concern. And while the initial damage and disrepair is physical, the next stage is psychological. That is, if it becomes acceptable for people to litter and vandalise at will, why not walk around drunk, or beg for money, or mug others for it? Why not even kill for it? Why follow any kind of rules at all? In sum, the Broken Windows theory postulates that the smallest symptoms can lead to the greatest crimes. This paper will examine the effectiveness of this idea. The Broken Windows theory first became widely known in 1982, when James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling published an article in the Atlantic Monthly called Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety. The article articulated the reasons why minor neighbourhood slights should not be ignored: A piece of property is abandoned, weeds grow up, a window is smashed. Adults stop scolding rowdy children; the children, emboldened, become more rowdy. Families move out, unattached adults move in. Teenagers gather in front of the corner store. The merchant asks them to move; they refuse. Fights occur. Litter accumulates. People start drinking in front of the grocery; in time, an inebriate slumps to the sidewalk and is allowed to sleep it off. Pedestrians are approached by panhandlers (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). On the surface, this idea, that small acts of antisocial behaviour can act as catalysts for others, and that a broken window sends a signal to criminals that it okay to break the law, seems perfectly reasonable and logical. The notion that once people begin disregarding the norms that keep order in a community, both order and community unravel, even follows the concept of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics (systems naturally progress from a state of order to disorder). And almost from its inception, the idea took hold. While the Wilson/Kelling article did the most to publicise the theory, there were some precedents, namely Philip Zimbardos 1969 experiment, in which he left two identical 1959 Oldsmobiles in different neighbourhoods, one near the Bronx campus of New York University and one near the Stanford University campus in Palo Alto, California. The license plates of both cars were removed and the hoods opened to provide the necessary releaser signals (Zimbardo, 1969). In the Bronx, within ten minutes, the car was vandalised, and by the end of the day was stripped bare. In Palo Alto, the car remained untouched for a week, until Zimbardo himself broke one of its windows with a sledgehammer, at which point others joined in. Within a few hours, the car was completely destroyed. (Gladwell, 1996). Zimbardos focus was on the psychological aspects of authority and anonymity, and his experiment aimed to understand what factors and to what extent human behaviour was governed by environmental and physiological stimuli, a process known as deindividuation: a series of antecedent social conditions lead to a change in perception of self and others, and thereby to a lowered threshold of normally restrained behavior (Zimbardo, 1969). Wilson and Kellings article, however, was more prescriptive, and was focused on applying the Broken Windows theory to law enforcement procedures. And it is in this way that politicians and police have regarded the theory over the past twenty-five years, paving the way for a slate of reforms aimed at promoting deterrence through arrests, imprisonment and harsh sentencing, with a heavy reliance on the criminal justice system to impart severe and swift penalties (Conklin, 1992). Within the article, the authors discuss the historical function of police work, which they describe as maintaining public order: From the earliest days of the nation, the police function was seen primarily as that of a night watchman: to maintain order against the chief threats to order ââ¬â fire, wild animals, and disreputable behavior. Solving crimes was viewed not as a police responsibility but as a private one (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). However, this eventually changed, and detective work (solving crimes) took on a greater role, a shift that the authors feel should be reversed: A great deal was accomplished during this transition, as both police chiefs and outside experts emphasized the crime-fighting function in their plans, in the allocation of resources, and in deployment of personnel. The police may well have become better crime-fighters as a result. And doubtless they remained aware of their responsibility for order. But the link between order-maintenance and crime-prevention, so obvious to earlier generations, was forgotten (ibid). Another criticism felled by Wilson and Kelling was the lack of community policing, or the beat officer on foot, patrolling the neighbourhood. Instead, there had been a steady shift towards keeping the officers in their squad cards, in which case they were isolated, removed from the people of the neighbourhood and the life on the street, whereas what foot-patrol officers did was to elevate, to the extent that they could, the level of public order in these neighborhoods (ibid). In short, the officer on foot was not only more accessible, and thus a part of the community; he was better able to understand it and serve it. The majority of the theory, however, has to do with a new focus on smaller crimes ââ¬â beggars, drunks, teenagers, litter, etc. ââ¬â rather than big ones. These so-called gateway crimes are where the real offenses take root; eliminate these, and the major crimes will be stopped before they have a chance to foster and spread: The citizen who fears the ill-smelling drunk, the rowdy teenager, or the importuning beggar is not merely expressing his distaste for unseemly behavior; he is also giving voice to a bit of folk wisdom that happens to be a correct generalization ââ¬â namely that serious street crime flourishes in areas in which disorderly behavior goes unchecked. The unchecked panhandler is, in effect, the first broken window (ibid). But does the theory work? As of yet, there has been no scientific evidence proving it does. Even Wilson himself a few years ago admitted: People have not understood that this was a speculation (Hurley, 2004). It should be noted that on the very first page of the Atlantic Monthly article, where the authors were giving a history of community policing in Newark, NJ, they mentioned a study by the Police Foundation that discovered that while foot patrol had not reduced crime rates, residents seemed to feel more secure than persons in other areas (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). On the surface, this seems pretty straightforward ââ¬â because foot patrols did not lead to a drop in crime rates, they didnt do anything to make neighbourhoods safer. However, Wilson and Kelling use the residents testimony to argue that, in fact, the community is safer, because disorder itself is something to be feared: We understand what most often frightens people in public places. Many citizens, of course, are primarily frightened by crime, especially crime involving a sudden, violent attack by a stranger. This risk is very real, in Newark as in many large cities. But we tend to overlook another source of fearthe fear of being bothered by disorderly people (ibid). This is all very well and good, that people appreciate not having to deal with aggressive and disorderly people. But how then is safety being measured, if not by crime rates? The authors certainly arent implying that it can be measured by residents feelings of safety? Regardless, the rest of the article makes no mention of this issue, and concentrates primarily on perceived dangers (how to curb a communitys fears of being bothered by disorderly persons), rather than actual ones (curbing crime rates themselves). The theory had its first test in the early 90s, when the Mayor of New York, Rudy Giuliani, implemented his own version of it to target the citys high crime rate. This didnt happen simply by chance; George Kelling was a senior fellow of the Manhattan Institute, and was one of Giulianis advisors (DePalma, 2002). The term that was used to describe the new initiative was the no tolerance policy. This phrase, along with another that soon followed (quality of life), acted as the cornerstones for Giulianis mayorship. He aimed to aggressively target even minor infractions (no tolerance) in order to clean up the city and make New York a safe place to live (improved quality of life). Police were given powers that they never before had, and were encouraged to hand out tickets and arrests for anything and everything. For the cops, Chief of Police William Bratton commented, they were a bonanza. Every arrest was like opening a box of Cracker Jacks. What kind of toy am I going to get? Got a gun? Got a knife? Got a warrant? Do we have a murderer here? Each cop wanted to be the one who came up with the big collar. It was exhilarating for the cops and demoralizing for the crooks (Bratton, 1998). In addition to the usual list of offenders ââ¬â drunks, panhandlers, juvenile delinquents ââ¬â were added jaywalkers and squeegee men, those homeless men and women who aggressively and without asking would clean a cars windshield while the driver was stuck in traffic, and then demand payment. The effect of the new procedures was instant and irrevocable: crime dropped to its lowest figures in four decades, and stayed there. At the present moment, New York City is the safest big city in America. However, whether this decline can solely or even partially be attributed to Broken Windows is up for debate. At the same time the police were implementing harsh no tolerance crackdowns, the crack cocaine market bottomed out, which resulted in less drug deals, fewer addicts on the street and a reduction in violent turf wars, all of which at one time were responsible for numerous muggings and murders (Harcourt, 2002). In addition, over the same time period, there were dramatic improvement s in emergency response capabilities and medical care, which ended up saving the lives of countless people who previously would have died (Lizza, 2002). There were also important changes at the New York Police department during this time that could have explained the drop in crime, including a significant increase in the number of police officers. In 1992, Giulianis predecessor, David Dinkins, hired over two thousand new officers under the Safe Streets, Safe City project, and Giuliani himself hired another four thousand, and merged another six thousand Transit and Housing Authority officers into the ranks of the New York Police Department (Harcourt, 2002). Because of this, the department increased from 26,856 in 1991 to 39,779 in 2000, giving New York the largest police force in the country, with the highest ratio of officers to civilians of any major city (U.S. Department of Justice, 1992). Another argument against the success of Broken Windows is that the 1990s were generally a boom time. The stock market, employment and wages were all at record highs throughout the United States, and crime rates are usually more prevalent when times are hard. For example, crime fell in many large cities ââ¬â San Francisco, San Diego, Los Angeles, Houston, Boston and others ââ¬â at exactly the same time, and in some cases in an even more dramatic fashion: One study found that New York Citys drop in homicides, though impressive, is neither unparalleled nor unprecedented. Houstons drop in homicides of 59 percent between 1991 and 1996 outpaced New York Citys 51 percent decline over the same period. Another study looked at the rates of decline in homicides in the seventeen largest U.S. cities from 1976 to 1998 and found that New York Citys recent decline, though above average, was the fifth largest, behind San Diego, Washington, D.C., St. Louis, and Houston (Joanes, 1999). And many of these cities did not implement the kind of order-maintenance procedures that New York did. For example, the San Diego police department instilled a model based on community-police relations. Their strategy was one of sharing the responsibility of identifying and solving crimes with neighbourhood residents. Because of this, San Diego not saw a marked decrease in crime, but experienced a 15 percent drop in arrests, and an 8 percent drop in complaints of police misconduct (Greene, 1999). In addition, San Francisco made community involvement a priority, and felony incarcerations dropped from 2,136 in 1993 to 703 in 1998, and rape, robbery, aggravated assault and total violent crime decreased more than the rate in New York over the same period (Khaled and Macallair, 2002). Other cities, including Los Angeles, Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio, also experienced significant decreases in crime without adopting as coherent a policing strategy as New York or San Diego. The fact is that there was a remarkable drop in crime in many major cities in the United States during the 1990s, many of which used a variety of different strategies. To attribute New Yorks declining crime rates to merely their implementation of more aggressive initiatives is overly simplistic. However, New Yorks success got the most publicity, and much of the country wanted to learn from Giuliani and to implement their own no tolerance policies. And its popularity in the U.S. was only matched by its appeal abroad. In 1998, representatives from over 150 police departments from around the world visited New York to learn about order-maintenance policing, and in 2000, another 235 police departments, the vast majority from overseas, followed suit (Gootman, 2000). However, even if the Broken Windows theory is correct, it has still never been fully explained as to how it works. It could be argued that those who choose to commit crimes, denied the signals they would normally receive from low-grade disorder, move on to different locales. But where do they go? And if such places existed, couldnt they implement their own Broken Windows initiatives? One possible answer comes from writer and social theorist Malcolm Gladwell, who suggests that crime actually does increase or decrease much like an epidemic, and at certain thresholds will turn, rather than rise and fall in a typical linear fashion (Gladwell, 1996). Wilson and Kelling for their part fail to talk much about the specifics by which public disorder turns into crime. They simply say it does, as do most of the theorys supporters. However, some seem to have taken the idea to illogical extremes, such as a Lancaster, Pennsylvania reporter commenting on the citys new quality of life initiatives: If you put a couch out in a backyard, somebody could get raped on that couch (Van Nguyan, 2001). Bernard Harcourt, who has written extensively on the issue, believes that the aggressive prosecution of disorderly behaviour has had little effect on crime rates dropping. His argument is that the increased number of arrests, searchers, surveillance, and police officers on the streets has had the fairly straightforward effect of bringing more small offenses to light, and that no provable connection has ever made between disorder and crime (Harcourt, 2002). His worry is that this sets a dangerous precedent, and that the unfounded power of the police will only lead to more drastic action against less drastic offenses, especially minorities: Incidents like the NYPDs alleged torture of a Haitian naturally reinforce minority citizens distrust of the police. This mistrust has been boosted of late by numerous television videotapes showing police officers beating up unresisting citizens. In most cases, the cops were white and those on the receiving end of their clubs were black or Latino (McNamara, 1997). However, this is exactly in line with what Wilson and Kelling argue for, this bygone era of policing: The police in this earlier period assisted in that reassertion of authority by acting, sometimes violently, on behalf of the community. Young toughs were roughed up, people were arrested on suspicion or for vagrancy, and prostitutes and petty thieves were routed. Rights were something enjoyed by decent folk, and perhaps also by the serious professional criminal, who avoided violence and could afford a lawyer (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). Kelling himself spent some time accompanying an officer (Kelly) on his beat, the experience of which again illustrates a strange tolerance for lawlessness on the part of the police: Sometimes what Kelly did could be described as enforcing the law, but just as often it involved taking informal or extralegal steps to help protect what the neighborhood had decided was the appropriate level of public order. Some of the things he did probably would not withstand a legal challenge (ibid). After all, what can extralegal possibly mean other than illegal? It seems odd that this is the sort of behaviour the authors advocate, one in which officers are allowed to take the law into their own hands, but anyone who commits even the smallest of trespasses ââ¬â jaywalking, littering, urinating in public ââ¬â needs to be several punished. It certainly doesnt put much faith in the fairness of the model. And, in fact, the Broken Windows model is far from fair. One of its constant critiques is that the kinds of offenses it targets are primarily those carried out by the poor. There is no mention of embezzlement, crooked accountants, insurance scams, loan sharks or slumlords, crimes typical of the wealthy. And these offenses, certainly, can have just as detrimental effect on a community as a host of unsightly behaviours, if not more so. The broken windows metaphor is interesting in that it is actually up to landlords to fix real-life broken windows, while it is often those who are not in a position to do so, the community, who are held responsible for the damage. Aside from more people being arrested and subsequently incarcerated, the theory doesnt actually do much to aid a neighbourhood. If the aim is improved public order, couldnt that be achieved with homeless shelters, urban renewal projects and social workers? (Harcourt, 2002). In many ways, the philosophy behind it is almost out of sight, out of mind. And, in fact, this seems to be the view expressed by Kelling and his wife Catherine Coles in Fixing Broken Windows, a book-length exploration of the policing strategies first advocated in 1982: Kelling and Coles take a tough-minded view of who the street denizens we frequently label the homeless really are and what they are doing, sidestepping the politically constructed images of claimants like the homeless that little resemble the aggressive, conniving, often drug-crazed schemers that Kelling and Coles see populating the streets (Skogan, 1997). Skogan, in fact, is so skeptical of the motives of the poor that he cannot even use the word homeless without quotation marks, as if they all have houses somewhere. The problem with this kind of thinking is that it leads to a dangerous two worlds model, where people are either decent and respectable or disingenuous and no good. And, naturally, all the problems in neighbourhoods arise from the actions of the latter. This kind of precedent was set down by Wilson as far back as 1968: The teenager hanging out on a street corner late at night, especially one dressed in an eccentric manner, a Negro wearing a conk rag (a piece of cloth tied around the head to hold flat hair being processed ââ¬â that is, straightened), girls in short skirts and boys in long hair parked in a flashy car talking loudly to friends on the curb, or interracial couples ââ¬â all of these are seen by many police officers as persons displaying unconventional and improper behavior (Wilson, 1968). If the police are allowed to restore public order according to their own beliefs and judgments, what is to stop them from carrying out whatever action they deem necessary against the unconventional and improper, including using extralegal measures? Unfortunately, cultural hegemony is nothing new, and many neighbourhoods have enforced rules that govern the actions and abodes of its residents. In every community there is a house that doesnt conform to the aesthetic principles of the rest, a lawn that is never tended or strewn with toys or trash, a derelict car that doesnt meet environmental standards, all of which raise resident ire. But should these things be dealt with under the Broken Windows theory? For example, the town of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, adopted Broken Windows measures in the late 90s, and in 2002, the local newspaper received this letter: This being almost mid-April, shouldnt homeowners have had sufficient time to remove their December holiday decorations? Icicle lights hung year round give the impression of a homeowner with an aversion to work and negatively impacts on neighborhoods (Kelly, 2002). While there are obvious differences between public drunks and icicle lights, in other cases the line is much finer, and the potential for abuse is obvious. Wilson and Kelling, for their part, are aware of the problem, and speak out against it: The concern about equity is more serious. We might agree that certain behavior makes one person more undesirable than another but how do we ensure that age or skin color or national origin or harmless mannerisms will not also become the basis for distinguishing the undesirable from the desirable? How do we ensure, in short, that the police do not become the agents of neighborhood bigotry? We can offer no wholly satisfactory answer to this important question. We are not confident that there is a satisfactory answer except to hope that by their selection, training, and supervision, the police will be inculcated with a clear sense of the outer limit of their discretionary authority. That limit, roughly, is this the police exist to help regulate behavior, not to maintain the racial or ethnic purity of a neighborhood (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). Unfortunately, their only solution is to again have the community put its faith in the integrity and judgment of the law enforcement officer, a notion that does little to quell the doubts of those who might be wrongly typecast as criminal because of their race, age or class. In such a subjective atmosphere, with so much at stake, it seems dubious to give one party the last word, or the ability to render judgment (especially if that party is the one with the gun). By taking the focus off the community, and putting it on the individual, a dangerous precedent is being set. However, not everyone agrees with this line of thinking. In fact, many people, including police officers, understand that the only way for Broken Windows or any other community enforcement project to succeed is by people working together: Without the full cooperation of the community, local government and the courts community policing will not work (police officer Daniel Jenkins, 2002). Unfortunately, the authors themselves dont focus too much on this notion of working together, and, if anything, since the Atlantic Monthly article, have gone even further to highlight the vast differences between people. For example, in 1985, Wilson co-authored with Richard Herrnstein a book called Crime and Human Nature, which describes the various traits by which to classify and identify criminals. The book deals not only with age, class and race but body types, painstakingly sorting and measuring these and other attributes into definable composites of law-abiders and law-breakers. The authors conclusions are fairly predictable, describing those prone to commit crimes as an: Unattached, young, most often racialized other. The youth or young adult, threatening, defiant, suspicious, often black, wearing distinctive designer-label clothes. Or the down-and-out street person in a dirty oversized coat. Or the squeegee man, the panhandler, the homeless person, the turnstile jumper, the public drunk (Harcourt, 2002). In stark opposition to this are the ideas of Felton Earls and his colleagues, who conducted a large-scale study of street crime in Chicago in 1997. The studys main focus was on collective efficacy, which was defined as social cohesion among neighbors and their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good (Sampson, Raudenbush and Earls, 1997). The concept, according to the study, is the greatest predictor of street crime, and not Broken Windows or any form of disorder: Testing broken windows was not the point of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the study planned and conducted by Dr. Earls and colleagues to unravel the social, familial, educational and personal threads that weave together into lives of crime and violenceNonetheless the data gathered for it, with a precision rarely seen in social science, directly contradicted Dr. Wilsons notions (Hurley, 2004). Thus, the seemingly obvious and incontestable connection between crime and disorder may, in fact, not exist at all. Community presence and action may actually be what ultimately fells crime. According to Earls: Its not so much that broken glass or disarray in neighborhoods is the source or root of crime, its really in the social relationships that exist among neighbors, among people who work in neighborhoods, among services and so forth, that the social conditions are there to engage or not to engage citizens, neighbors in watching out for crime or crime-related activity in the neighborhoods (Earls, 2004). And in another no less extensive study two years later, Sampson and Raudenbush found thatà disorder and predatory crime were moderately related, but that, when antecedent characteristics were added (such as poverty and neighbourhood trust), the connection between the two vanished in four out of five tests ââ¬â including homicide, arguably our best measure of violence (Sampson and Raudenbush, 1999). In addition, they discovered that while disorder may have indirect effects on crime by influencing migration patterns, investment by businesses, and overall neighborhood viabilityattacking public order through tough police tactics was politically popular but an analytically weak strategy to reduce crime (ibid). In short, the central tenets of Broken Windows ââ¬â that disorder leads to crime, and that said crimes are generally carried out by individuals belonging to a criminal class ââ¬â are questionable. This is not to say that the entire theory is at fault; certainly the notion that a safe neighbourhood is one in which the residents feel secure enough to participate in its defense still holds water. In addition, Wilson and Kelling are correct in urging the community to work with police, and for police to become a part of the community. What they seem to have missed is that the focus of this kind of relationship should rest on there being a real and active presence in the community, and not on crime and disorder. One related irony is that, in the use of Broken Windows policing in New York, for all their effectiveness in cracking down on a wide range of antisocial behaviors, the New York City police never repaired a single broken window, fixed up a single house, or cleaned one vacant lot (Grogan and Proscio, 2000). Furthermore, because of the new aggressive tactics, the city experienced illegal strip searches, extensive sums lost to police misconduct charges, clogged courts and countless traumatic encounters for innocent, ordinary individuals (Harcourt, 2002). In addition, the implementation of a policy of arrest may have had unintended consequences: Someone arrested for turnstile jumping may be fired for missing work; and strained police-civilian relations can create friction between the community and the police force that may be detrimental to solving crimes (ibid). However, this has not stopped cities across the world from emulating Broken Windows procedures, or, for that matter, Giuliani and the Manhattan Institute from exporting their policing philosophies to places like Latin America (despite reservations that what worked in an economic boom in the U.S. may not do as well in extremely poor cities undergoing violent crime and corrupt police) (Village Voice, 2002). The truth of the matter is that Broken Windows is not applicable everywhere, and even within the theory itself there are vagaries, namely the categories of disorder and the disorderly. The concepts are not well-defined; while we identify certain acts as disorderly ââ¬â panhandling, public drunkenness, litter, prostitution ââ¬â others ââ¬â police brutality, tax evasion, accounting fraud ââ¬â we do not. In addition, the acts themselves are sometimes ambiguous. For example, while people loitering on a buildings front steps or the presence graffiti may signify that a community is disorderly, it is only if they are seen as such. In some neighbourhoods, people loitering may represent strong community bonds, and graffiti may be seen as an art form, or as political or social commentary. The darker truth about Broken Windows is that it attempts to enforce an aesthetically sterile and safe environment, in which one community looks like the next looks like the next. While no one can argue that panhandlers, prostitutes and homeless people, along with litter, dirt and broken windows themselves are not eyesores, their removal is not necessarily a sign of progress. And for those subject to countless and unnecessary searches, acts of intimidation, arrests, imprisonments and the like, it is anything but. Bibliography Bratton, William J. Turnaround: How Americas Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York: Random House, 1998. Conklin, John E. Criminology. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. DePalma, Anthony. The Americas Court: a Group That Changed New York. The New York Times, Nov. 11, 2002. Felton, Earls. National Public Radio, Weekend Edition. Jan. 17, 2004. Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point. The New Yorker, June 3, 1996. Gootman, Elissa. A Police Departments Growing Allure: Crime Fighters From Around World Visit for Tips. The New York Times, Oct. 24, 2000. Greene, Judith A. Zero-Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City. Crime and Delinquency 45, 1999. Grogan, Paul, and Proscio, Tony. Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival. Boulder: Westview Press, 2000. Harcourt, Bernard. Policing Disorder: Can We Reduce Serious Crime by Punishing Petty Offenses? Boston Review, April/May, 2002. Hurley, Dan. Scientist at Work ââ¬â Felton Earls: On Crime as Science (A Neighbor at a Time). The New York Times, Jan. 6, 2004. Jenkins, Daniel. Community Policing Problems: Most People Dont Want to Become Involved. The Sunday News, June 30, 2002. Joanes, Ana. Does the New York City Police Department Deserve Credit for the Decline in New York Citys Homicide Rates? A Cross-City Comparison of Policing Strategies and Homicide Rates. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 33, 1999. Kelling, George L. and Coles, Catherine M. Fixing Broken Windows. New York: The Free Press, 199 Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-46722092928407853122020-01-18T23:05:00.001-08:002020-01-18T23:05:02.712-08:00Dreamweavers EssayHinabing Panaginip/ Dream Weavers Reaction Paper Hinabing Panaginip or Dream Weavers, a documentary video directed by Fruto Corre is about the life of the people from Northern Cotobato; the Tââ¬â¢bolis. The whole process of making the old Tââ¬â¢nalak; one of the most remarkable creations of the Tââ¬â¢bolis, was presented in the video. The Tââ¬â¢nalak fabric holds a very special place in Tââ¬â¢boli culture. It is always present in really important turning points in a Tââ¬â¢boliââ¬Ës life such as birth, marriage, and death. It has also often been referred to as ââ¬Å"woven dreamsâ⬠. Tââ¬â¢nalak is made of Abaca fibers which traditionally has three primary colors, red, black and the original color of the Abaca leaves. The colorant of the things used in making this traditional cloth are naturally dyed boiled in with bark, roots and leaves of plants. It is said that the Tââ¬â¢bolis create Tââ¬â¢nalak because they believe that following their dreams is a must. They had to do what is indicated in their memories. The designs that they clearly see in their dreams have certain meanings and requirements. With this, Tââ¬â¢nalak has become their sacred treasure. The Tââ¬â¢bolis expressed everything in the Tââ¬â¢nalak: their dreams, beliefs, myths and even their religion. Tââ¬â¢bolis consider it taboo to cut the cloth because they strongly believe that doing so will make them severely ill. They respect Tââ¬â¢nalak weavers a lot like how they do to their warriors. The undenaiable quality of the fabric is a rich legacy of creative art handed down from generation to generation for thousands of years. Perhaps, the artistic and spiritual dedication of the Tââ¬â¢boli women of Lake Sebu made the existence of Tââ¬â¢nalak last for centuries. But as time goes by, urbanization has forced most tribe members into poverty. Mo dernization became a threat to their culture. Watching the documentary video made me feel proud and sad at the same time. As a Filipino, I am very proud to have the same nationality as theseà very talented, hardworking and passionate people. They really made me want to salute them for they deserve a ââ¬Å"Youââ¬â¢re the bestâ⬠award. I was amazed on how people can be that artistic. I have never imagined that a used ballpen could become a bead to produce necklaces! But I was disappointed because I realized that these days, people would not want to buy our own products. In fact, people would buy imported ones instead. Before, one Tââ¬â¢nalak is equivalent to a horse or a house. But now, one Tââ¬â¢nalak only costs about two to three hundred pesos. See how things change in a matter of time? I still believe that no matter how hard it is to survive in this era, the Tââ¬â¢bolis will still keep their culture intact. I pray that their artistic spirit will not only last for another century but for eternity. Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-15215359643911547732020-01-10T19:27:00.001-08:002020-01-10T19:27:03.463-08:00Persian Wars: Cause of the 499-404 B.C.EThe Persian wars are often compared to the Trojan wars due to the effects they had on Greek history. Athenians who were cultural and politically superior to the Greek considered the wars against Persia as some of the defining and greatest moments in their history (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, & Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). Despite the defining effects that the Persian wars had on the history of the Athenian and the Greek, their beginning was nothing big. In mid sixth century BCE, Croesus who was the king of the Lydians took control of all Greek cities along the Asian Minor coast (McKay, Bennett, Beck, Crowston, & Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). When the Persians conquered the Lydians around 545 BCE all states that were under the Lydians came under the rule of the Persians (McKay, Bennett, Beck, Crowston, & Wiesner-Hanks, 2008b). The Persian approach to leadership was defined by close control and they appointed officials who ruled states under a system that can only be defined as tyrannical. Citizens under the system implemented by the Persians were required to pay extremely high taxes and serve in the Persian army (McKay, Bennett, & Buckler, 2003a). Many revolution in history have generally been caused by oppressions and system that are degenerate in terms of social development. The Persian approach to government bore all the classical signs of tyranny and close governance. Under such system the mechanism that will worst affect the weak are made as effective as possible and in the Persian case this was not different. Their most effective system was the tax collection system which collected taxes in a manner that had no bearing on the earning made by individuals and the failure to submit returns could even result in hanging (McKay, Bennett, & Buckler, 2003b). The rulers were imposed on the Greeks, Lydians and Athenian and the kind of rule that such leaders used was oppressive. The rulers kept close contact with the events that happened on the ground which is a characteristic of an approach to leadership that is either oppressive or concerned with the welfare of its members; in this case the former was more relevant. The pressure placed by the Persian government led to underground revolution which were propagated by the opportunism of Aristagoras. Aristagoras sought help from the Spartans and Athenians (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, & Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). The later helped him in though by 495 BCE all rebellious Greek cities has been restored under the Persian government. This did not spell the end of war due to the attention than the Athenians had gotten from Persia for the role they played in the destruction of Ardis. The revenge mission and the expertise that the Athenians had in Hippias who had been a member of the Persian army led to what is referred to as the battle marathon (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, & Wiesner-Hanks, 2008b). By the end of the marathon Greece began an ambitious navy building project due to the influence of Themistocles which propagated the war into a war for supremacy. In summary, the war started by the need for freedom and independence catalyzed by a leaders who was out to fulfill his personal agenda. By gaining support from other states the Persians were defeated due to their lack of commitment to the war. The marathon which served to propagate the Persian war was mainly out of the need for revenge by the Persians and its ââ¬Ëmarathon' stature is resultant of the resistance the Persians got from the well prepared Athenians and Persians. Towards the end of the war the objective was more about gain of supremacy. In the end, the Athenians got all the glory though the role played by the Spartans in the Persian wars can never be underestimated. Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-74425586323118018632020-01-02T15:51:00.001-08:002020-01-02T15:51:03.527-08:00Choosing The Career Path That An Individual - 891 Words My Career Path Choosing the career path that an individual is going to take is one of the most important and most difficult decisions each of us make in our live. 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Introduction Business management is a very broad field of choice which gives people the opportunity to choose from many careers options. This particular field trains one for roles as managers in many sectors such as education, retail, technology and more. There are many skills one obtains from choosing business management as their major. People learn how to develop strategies, plans, procedures and policies that guide a business on both a day-to-day and longRead MoreChallenges Students Face When Choosing A Career Essay1182 Words à |à 5 PagesChallenges Students Face when Choosing a Career Today, choosing a career can be problematic especially within the new graduates, and the choice of career path is not always in our hands. Even when the choice is fully our own, choosing the profession that promises the highest compensation is not the best way to go, for the simple reason that the job that pays the highest need not essentially be the most nourishing. Choosing a career can be simply defined as the leading decision that one takes at aRead MoreSelecting A Career Is Like Choosing A Character When Playing A Game1668 Words à |à 7 PagesChoosing a career is like choosing a character when playing a game. A person has to stick with that character throughout the whole game unless that person restarts the plot. As humans, we have to work in order to survive in most cases. When choosing a career, it is what weââ¬â¢re usually stuck with until retirement, unless we go back to school or some other opportunity is given. As a freshman in college, I still have the chance to swit ch my major before I make any regrets. I took a self-assessment test Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-12627802430207493242019-12-25T12:18:00.001-08:002019-12-25T12:18:02.711-08:00Influence of the Superpowers on the Middle Eastern Conflict The Middle East has been one of the worldââ¬â¢s most volatile and unstable regions since the conclusion of World War 2. Religious and territorial clashes between the Muslims and Israelis have led to knife edge tension and many skirmishes in the region. This conflict, although not instigated by the Superpowers, may have been sustained and even intensified by the involvement of the Superpowers due to their interests in the region during the Cold War. The Superpowers gave the Middle Eastern Nations the weaponry and additional funding they needed to sustain and escalate the conflict, although this did not lead to the inception of the war. The Geographical position of the Middle East has always made it an area of high strategic importance. This is due to factors such as access to the Suez canal which is a vital route of trade for access to Eastern nations, the land bridge between Africa and Asia and perhaps most importantly, its close proximity to the Middle Eastern oil fields. This geographical significance may account for the interests displayed by the superpowers in the Middle East during the cold war. World War 2 had put extreme pressures on all the involved nations to have a reliable source of oil. After the war, the United States especially, had realized that there might be a possibility of an oil shortage emerging in the country due to the enormous amounts used during the World War, and therefore had to secure access to foreign oil supplies. This is when the United StatesShow MoreRelatedThe Super Powers Role in Fueling the Dispute in the Middle East1282 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Middle East is a region to which the superpowers attached great significance and in which they evidenced great attention. The United States and the Soviet Union became the main external powers of significance in the Middle East in the period since the end of World War II but mostly since the mid-1950s and the withdrawal of British and French influence from the region. The superpowers had conflicting and similar interests and their policies often clashed, but they avoided direct conflict whileRead MoreThe Two Superpowers and the Arab-Israeli Conflict between 1948 and 19781354 Words à |à 5 PagesThe USA and the USSR were the two existing superpowers at the height of Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East from 1948-1978. Each superpower wanted to increase their sphere of influence in the region as they sought to gain strategic and geographical advantages as well as safeguarding their economic and resource interests, especially with regard to the supply of oil. Both superpowers fuelled the regional conflict by providing Middle Eastern countries with financial and military assistance inRead MoreThe Influence of the US and USSR in the Palestinian-Isreaeli Conflict1018 Words à |à 4 Pagesmovement of Jews immigrating to the Middle East to establish a homeland for all Jews in what was now Israel after being displaced for many years. This led to conflict between the Arabs and the Jews about who had rights to this homeland, with both the Arab Muslims and the Jewish Israelis having biblical claims to the cities in the Middle East. This conflict was further fuelled by both the USA and the USSR as they were trying to spread their sphere of influence by supplying aid in the form of weaponsRead MoreConflict in the Middle East between 1948 and 19782760 Words à |à 11 PagesBetween 1948 and 1978 conflict erupted between the Israel and numerous Arab states such as Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. The conflict of the Middle East began shortly after Israel was declared a nation by the United Nations after world war two. The Middle East is an area of great strategic importance. It contains vital trade routes such as that of the Suez Canal, and is rich in oil or ââ¬Å"black goldâ⬠, one of the most important resources of the world, and vital for a country to operate. The two super powersRead MoreDizzy Gillespie s 1956 World Tour988 Words à |à 4 Pagesdegree of importance of cultural diplomacy, America woke up to the need to communicate effectively with the rest of the world. (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6276832, October 16 2006). The tour went around South Asia, Middle East and Eastern Europe. Dizzy was considered a suitable candidate for leading the tour and was recommended by Powell to the head of the State Department. He had played in New Yorkââ¬â¢s Basin Street, the Showboat in Washington and as the headliner in BirdlandRead MoreThe World War Was A Threat Of Nuclear War1576 Words à |à 7 PagesWhat where the reasons for the ââ¬Ëthawââ¬â¢ in superpower relations in 1970s? The II World War was followed by redistribution of power, which was essentially non-European (Brzezinski, 1986:11). The United States, already with a position of global superpower and The Soviet Union, dominating the world with its size and ideologically and historically endeavoured to this position. According to Brzezinski ideological rivalry was, indeed one of the reasons for the competition, however he stresses that, afterRead MoreConflicts in the Middle East between 1949 and 19731987 Words à |à 8 Pagesthe conflict in the middle east between 1948-1973 was not purely fuelled by the interest and concerns of the superpowers but rather of a series of conflictual incidents, aswell as the main wars that took place from the years from 1948-1967 such as the: 1948 War, The Six Day War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur war of 1973. But although the conflict was not fuelled by the superpowers, the influence of the superpowers and the reach of the superpowers into the Middle East was evident i n the years both priorRead MoreThe United States And The Middle East834 Words à |à 4 PagesFor decades, the United States and fellow western nations have been heavily involved with and invested in the Middle East. Geographically, the Middle East region contains a large percentage of the industrialized worldââ¬â¢s most prized resource, oil. Throughout this time, the United States has participated in Gulf War I, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, and numerous other contingencies and operations. Most recently, the regionRead MoreRussia Essay1549 Words à |à 7 PagesRussia a regional powerhouse, but slowly becoming a region of influential power to surrounding countries with the end state of a global superpower. All the factors that make Russia the powerhouse that it is slowly becoming, highlights the impressive trend that supersedes the previous Soviet Union and past leaders. In the year 1019 a small region in Eastern Europe (present day Moscow), would be settled by a local population and they would called this area and its people ââ¬Å"Rusâ⬠. Later in theRead MoreThe United States And The Middle East2128 Words à |à 9 Pagesin the Middle East began to lose influence over the area. In 1946, France and Great Britain were forced to withdrawal from their colonized states by the United Nation Security Council when a delegation of the Middle Eastern countries called for the removal the colonial mandates on Middle East, specifically in Palestine (Department of Public Information). While Britain and France did not completely abandon their influence over the area, the removal of their direct influence over the Middle East left Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-13558158473739445752019-12-17T08:08:00.001-08:002019-12-17T08:08:04.040-08:00decriminalize drugs Essay - 1198 Words One the many controversies in our country today, regards the prohibition of illegal narcotics. Deemed unhealthy, hazardous, and even fatal by the authorities that be; the U.S. government has declared to wage a ââ¬Å"war on drugs.â⬠It has been roughly fifteen years since this initiative has begun, and each year the government shuffles more money into the unjust cause of drug prohibition. Even after all of this, the problem of drugs that the government sees still exists. The prohibition of drugs is a constitutional anomaly. There are many aspects and sides to look at the issue from, but the glaring inefficiency current laws exude is that any human should have the right to ingest anything he or she desires. The antagonist on the other endâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The most important factor for the spread of crack and heroin is that when opiates and cocaine are illegal, low potency versions of these drugs become extensively expensive. Thus, consumers are induced to switch to m ore intensive and more harmful drug forms and delivery systems. Absent the incentives created by current policy, consumers will revert to the modes of consumption that are less damaging. The rise of illegal drug use that began in the 1960s was accompanied by the growing opinion that drug use should be legalized. This feeling remained strong though the middle of the 1970s when the existing research on drugs such as marijuana and cocaine did not clearly point to health hazards. Those who favored legalization thought that certain drugs could be used responsibly by most people who would otherwise be law-abiding or even model citizens. In other words, they believed most drug use to be a victimless crime. Some of the arguments for legalizing the sale and possession of drugs have been made on purely economic grounds. Staggeringly large sums of money are being generated through the illegal drug trade. All of this money escapes direct taxation. If an excise tax, like those placed on alcohol and cigarettes, billions of dollars would become available for public projects. The U.S. department of Health and Human Servicesââ¬â¢ agency SAMHSA, the Substance Abuse and Mental HealthShow MoreRelatedDecriminalize Drugs Essay1192 Words à |à 5 Pagesunhealthy, hazardous, and even fatal by the authorities that be; the U.S. government has declared to wage a war on drugs. It has been roughly fifteen years since this initiative has begun, and each year the government shuffles more money into the unjust cause of drug prohibition. Even after all of this, the problem of drugs that the government sees still exists. The prohibition of drugs is a constitutional anomaly. There are many aspects and sides t o look at the issue from, but the glaring inefficiencyRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On The United States1324 Words à |à 6 Pagesnon-violent drug charges (drug policy, 2015). These peopleââ¬â¢s lives are now forever changed because of a mistake they made. This mistake is continually made every single day and Americans are being punished in extreme ways for a non violent crime. The United States needs to decimalize all drugs because the drug war is costly, causes high incarceration rates, and isnââ¬â¢t effective as European drug solutions. In the 20th century, the United States would begin a disastrous campaign called the War on Drugs, thisRead MoreDrugs Are A Very Controversial Topic Containing Many Grey1735 Words à |à 7 PagesDrugs are a very controversial topic containing many grey areas. Some may argue that all drugs should be illegal, but does this also include prescription drugs given to one by their doctor. Others may say that drugs like anti-depressants are an acceptable addiction, however, drugs such as heroine are not. There are others that advocate for all drugs to be legal so that it can become a safe and regulated process, but questions arise on whether that would help or hurt the drug users and the communityRead MoreWar on Drugs818 Words à |à 3 Pagesunderstatement to the punishments given to drug dealers for their drug related offenses. Mandatory minimum drug sentencing was arguably established to target higher level drug dealers but recently the majority of cases have been low level drug dealers. Distributing narcotics is a serious offense, but do these people who are trying to support themselves, a family, or an addiction deserve to spend close to a lifetime incarcerated? During the 1960ââ¬â¢s drugs became a symbol of ââ¬Å"youthful rebellion, socialRead MorePersuasive Essay On Drugs1071 Words à |à 5 PagesHow many drugs can you think of? Most people dont know the difference between two white powders. One of them is great at making your cake rise, while the other is extremely deadly. Heroin, which is very addictive opiod drug, a modified version of morphine, is one of many illegal drugs in Canada. Many of them are extremely harmful and toxic to the body. Do you really believe that possession these dangerous drugs should result in a small penalty? Drugs that could be illegally used but not get penalizedRead MoreShould Marijuana Drugs Be Legalized?932 Words à |à 4 PagesThe subject of drugs has certainly been an issue that has been widely discussed. Over the years, it has always boiled down to whether all drugs should be legalized or not. While the United States has been arguing over the topic of for many years, countries, such as Portugal, h ave taken an alternative and very unique way to fight the war on drugs. In 2001, the Portuguese government decided to flip its war on drugs strategy entirely: It decriminalized them all (Aleem). At first, this strategy was greatlyRead MoreThe Impacts of the War on Drugs1075 Words à |à 4 Pages The War On Drugs has lasted many years, including before it was officially called ââ¬Å"War On Drugs.â⬠The prohibition of drugs first got its start in the late 1800ââ¬â¢s with anti-opium laws, focusing on chinese immigrants. This was common with the first anti-drug laws. It entirely about scientific based facts on what the effects or risks of the drugs, rather who was associated with the use of the specific drugs. For example, the anti-cocaine laws in the early 1900ââ¬â¢s were directed at black men, and theRead MoreThe Drug Prohibition Of The United States Of America1629 Words à |à 7 PagesThe cohorts of drug prohibition argue that the benefits of the prohibition are self-evident and undeniable. The basis of this assumption argument is that without prohibition the consumption of drug would skyrocket, and therefore, lead to disastrous outcomes. However, there is no evidence on the commonly held belief. The empirical evidence that exists does not support the notion of s ouring drug consumption. For instance, in the Netherland and Switzerland, where marijuana is legalized, the consumptionRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1331 Words à |à 6 PagesWar On Drugs Decriminalization provides a solution the problems related to drugs. Decriminalization is not making drugs legal, it is treating the drug addicts as a patient instead of making them feel like they are criminals and putting them into a jail although selling drugs is still illegal. Drugs must be decriminalized because decriminalization has proven that the death rates and crime rates have decreased and the use of drugs have decreased in decriminalized countries such as PortugalRead More Drug Laws of the Netherlands Essay1344 Words à |à 6 Pages -Drug Laws of The Netherlands ââ¬â Is a Permissive Legal System Better than a Restrictive One in the Case of Drugs? Introduction The Netherlands is one of the most highly developed countries in the world. It is an international, well-integrated country with policies that are among the worldââ¬â¢s most liberal. In fact, The Netherlands has perhaps the most liberal view on drug use than any other country and has even gone to the extreme of extraordinarily relaxing its laws regarding ââ¬Ësoftââ¬â¢ drugs. However Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-86538639665850781602019-12-09T04:51:00.001-08:002019-12-09T04:51:04.980-08:00Louis Kahn The Salk Institute And Kimbell Art Museum Essay Example For Students Louis Kahn: The Salk Institute And Kimbell Art Museum Essay Louis Kahn was a genius beyond his time. His idea of silence and light separates his architecture from anyone else in history. The ideas spawned by his work challenged many theories before and beyond his time. He used plainness, light and location to shape the design of his buildings. Another concept that was heavily practiced by Kahn, was the use of served and servant spaces. The servant spaces usually housed the lighting, plumbing, and any other entity that made the building functional. On the other hand, the served spaces were the rooms like the laboratories and study rooms which are given functionality through the servant spaces (Manrique, 11/08/04). This concept was practiced through out most of Kahns career, but is most notable in his ingenious designs of the Salk Institute and Kimbell Art Museum. The Salk Institute located in La Jolla California is of the most unusual nature. The building is set up into two large towers separated by a large concrete courtyard. The building is arranged in this way because one side of it faces the ocean and Salk wanted every scientist to have view of the ocean (Silence and Light, 1997). The floors of the towers alternated between floors used for lab work and floors used for studying. This separation promoted a boundary between labor and contemplation. The Vierendeels used to create a column-free transverse plan created full-height loft spaces for pipe and ductwork (Stoller, 6). These loft spaces were hidden behind large triangles on the ceiling and act as the servant to the labs and studies below. Every room was arranged in this manner creating an overall plan of servant spaces atop spaces served (Steele, 15). These servant spaces act like the arteries, veins and nervous system giving life to the cerebral function of the laboratories and studios (Stoller, 6). Another example of a servant space is in the way Kahn opened the base of the towers. The openness of the base floors serves as an arcade to the courtyard. This classical idea is derived from the Romans and Kahn uses it to further his concept of servant and served spaces. The Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas is another building that was highly influenced by the concept of servant and served spaces. From the outside, the museum looks like a nuclear power plant. But as you enter the building you are transposed into a world derived totally from natural light. In this building it is a common trait to say that the low spaces were servant to the higher spaces. This is most seen in the design of the five unusual arched art galleries. The silvery glass contraption at the top of the arch lets in all of the natural light and serves as the focal point of the room. Kahn designed the arches in this manner to reflect the natural light and to enhance the focal point of the galleries (Brawne, 92). Served and servant spaces was a logical concept that has now been adapted by many architects. This concept allows for every part of the building to have a purpose and nothing is left out in the final design. It was no different in the Salk Institute and the Kimbell Art Museum. Every entity of the buildings shape and mold the general purpose that the building serves. Question 2 The tectonic qualities that Louis Kahn incorporates into his architecture allude to many Brutalist notions and are simplistic in nature. The purpose of the tectonic qualities was to develop the overall character of the building. .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 , .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 .postImageUrl , .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 , .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354:hover , .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354:visited , .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354:active { border:0!important; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354:active , .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354 .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0a597564b85fa5627f3918f0d7110354:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What lives in art and is eternally living, is first of all the painter, and then the painting EssayKahns use of building materials are very important tectonic qualities that shape the designs of the Salk Institute and the Kimbell Art Museum. While examining the exterior of the Kimbell Art Museum, one can immediately recognize the unusual design of the building. There are many tectonic qualities found in the building but none compare to the vaulted galleries and the serene courtyard. The glass slit in the middle of the vaulted galleries allowed the rooms to be completely illuminated by natural light throughout the majority of the day (Brawne). The unique design of the galleries not on only supplied nature light but also dispersed it throughout the room while not allowing direct contact with the works of art below. Kahn used this idea to take advantage of the abundance of sun light during the long days in Texas (Silence and Light, 1997). The second tectonic feature of the museum that attracts a lot of attention is the courtyard located adjacent to the building. The use of glass, water, concrete, gravel, travertine, and wood tie the building to its surroundings. In the courtyard, Kahn uses concrete, travertine, and gravel to give the visitor three unique feels of footing. These changes in footing are used to create an atmosphere that is ever changing. Kahn also incorporates trees and a reflecting pond to further emphasize the tectonic quality of tranquility in the courtyard (Silence and Light, 1997). The unique tectonic qualities found in the Salk Institute are much different than those found in the Kimbell Art Museum. In the construction of the building Kahn focused on a more brutalist approach to the tectonic qualities. Kahn illustrates these qualities in the building materials that he uses for the exterior and in the construction of the central courtyard. The tectonic qualities that are most easily seen in the Salk Institute are the use of unfinished concrete and exposed metal bolts joining the concrete to its metal frame (Brawne). Another tectonic quality of the institute is the central promenade that connects the two large horizontal structures. This plaza was originally planned to be filled with trees but Kahn changed his mind after meeting with Mexican architect Luis Barragan who said, I would not but a tree or a blade of grass in this space. This should be a plaza of stone, not a garden (Silence and Light, 1997). Kahn embraced this idea and created a concrete courtyard with a stream cutting through the middle of it. The concrete courtyard allows for the sky to reflect off of its surface and enhance the overall character of the building. It also connects the building to its surrounds by creating a path way from land out to the forever stretching ocean. By creating this fa? à §ade to the sky, Louis Kahn created perhaps the best example of tectonics that can be seen today. This plaza is the very character of the building, and gives a breath-taking view of the Pacific Ocean (Silence and Light, 1997). Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-65248211743842620692019-12-01T16:33:00.001-08:002019-12-01T16:33:02.204-08:00She dwelt among the untrodden ways Essays - British Poetry She dwelt among the untrodden ways William Wordsworth She dwelt among the untrodden ways -By William Wordsworth In the elegiac poem "She dwelt among the untrodden ways", by William Wordsworth, a sense of loss and grief is conveyed as the personal feelings of the poet are described to us. We are told throughout the poem of the poet's deep love for an unmarried woman named 'Lucy'. We are also told that she is unnoticed by all others, but him. The poet describes to us where Lucy 'dwelt', her beauty, his love for her and her 'death' in this poem. In the first stanza we are told that Lucy dwelt among the ' untrodden ways besides the springs of Dove'. This implies many meanings. Literally, it refers to where she lived. The phrase 'beside the springs of Dove' gives us an image of a fairly remote area, away from the city, closer to nature. It also tells us that she lived in isolation and solitude. The reason for this however is not clear; maybe she chose to live there or was forced by some circumstances to do so. Metaphorically , it could be referring to the deeper aspects of her life, such as what she did or who she was . And took her as the mossy stone, but the persona saw beyond what they could see and hence realized her true beauty, past her physical appearance and into her soul. The very fact that a violet is placed by a mossy stone means that people will fail to notice the beauty of the violet as it will be overshadowed by the sliminess of the mossy stone. To the persona however, Lucy was special and he was the only one who could see how beautiful she really was. Another interesting possibility is that maybe despite the fact that the persona loved Lucy so much, she got married to another man. Then the phrase 'a violet beside a mossy stone' will make more sense; as the poet still loves Lucy just as much and hence compares her to the violet, but looks down upon her husband and compares him to a 'mossy stone'. As we know, a mossy stone is very slimy and possibly the poet considers Lucy's husband to be no more that slime. The line 'Fair as a star, when only one is shining in the sky' sho ws what the persona thinks about her and this could imply that to him, she is a bright star shin ing in the dark black sky. To the fact that she got married to another man when the persona loved her so passionately. The fact that the poet mentions that 'she lived unknown and few could know' when Lucy died and the use of the phrase 'but she is in her grave' gives a very strong possibility that he was a 'secret admirer' or that not many people knew about their relationship and that was the reason why she lived 'unknown' and hence when Lucy got married, she practically 'died' for the persona, yet no one else could know. The phrase 'the difference to me' also tells us that since only the persona knew about Lucy's 'death' and no one else knew about their relationship, he was the only one affected and hence depressed by this. Even though the poem is very short and simple, a striking feature of the language used is its simplicity. The poet has used simple, everyday words, with short sentences, but is still able to create a very powerful and meaningful piece that truly reflects his feelings and portrays a huge sense of loss very effectively so that we as the readers can fully appreciate his true feelings and be able to see the passionate love that this man had for Lucy. In the first stanza, lines like, "none to praise," "very few to love," and the word " untrodden " tell the reader that Lucy was a nobody to everyone except the poet. In the second stanza, Wordsworth's aim is to show her innocence and beauty again. He uses two simple metaphors to emphasize these qualities. "A violet by a mossy stone" and "Fair as a star, when onlyone Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-6829181313814080492019-11-26T18:30:00.001-08:002019-11-26T18:30:02.544-08:00Free Essays on Jewish IslamCompare and Contrast Jewish Synagogues and Islamic Mosques "I hereby attest that this essay is entirely my own original work, excepting only that the work of others is properly noted and cited where incorporated into my own work. Thus, it is fair and honest for me to ask this work to be evaluated and marked by the instructor for a grade in this Humanities I course." The Jewish word for synagogue is beth ha-knesset, house of assembly. This means that wherever Jewish people live, the synagogue lies at the very center of communal life. (Gruber, 1999) Of all Muslim institutions, the mosque is the most important place for the public expression of the Islamic religion and communal identity. A mosque is physical proof of the public presence of Muslims and serves as a point of convergence for Islamic social and intellectual activity. (Frishman, 1994) The Jewish synagogue and the Islamic Mosque have some things in common as to what they represent in a city and how everyday life and practices are centered around them. There are also some similarities as to what one would find inside a synagogue and a mosque. But there are some differences as well. These differences include certain things that are not allowed one building that may be allowed in the other. Another difference would be the architectural styles that were used to build these buildings a nd the meanings they represent. But one similarity between the two places of worship is that throughout history, they have both allowed themselves to be changed to better suit the host community. For instance, Spanish synagogues of the Muslim period had horseshoe arches and beautiful stucco arabesques. (Gruber, 1999) Oriental synagogues tended to seat its worshippers on rugs or cushions (like some mosques). Polish 18th century synagogues resembled distinctive pagodas. Later, European emancipation introduced new styles: Baroque, Romanesque, pseudo-Byzantine and Greek temple. Some mo... Free Essays on Jewish Islam Free Essays on Jewish Islam Compare and Contrast Jewish Synagogues and Islamic Mosques "I hereby attest that this essay is entirely my own original work, excepting only that the work of others is properly noted and cited where incorporated into my own work. Thus, it is fair and honest for me to ask this work to be evaluated and marked by the instructor for a grade in this Humanities I course." The Jewish word for synagogue is beth ha-knesset, house of assembly. This means that wherever Jewish people live, the synagogue lies at the very center of communal life. (Gruber, 1999) Of all Muslim institutions, the mosque is the most important place for the public expression of the Islamic religion and communal identity. A mosque is physical proof of the public presence of Muslims and serves as a point of convergence for Islamic social and intellectual activity. (Frishman, 1994) The Jewish synagogue and the Islamic Mosque have some things in common as to what they represent in a city and how everyday life and practices are centered around them. There are also some similarities as to what one would find inside a synagogue and a mosque. But there are some differences as well. These differences include certain things that are not allowed one building that may be allowed in the other. Another difference would be the architectural styles that were used to build these buildings a nd the meanings they represent. But one similarity between the two places of worship is that throughout history, they have both allowed themselves to be changed to better suit the host community. For instance, Spanish synagogues of the Muslim period had horseshoe arches and beautiful stucco arabesques. (Gruber, 1999) Oriental synagogues tended to seat its worshippers on rugs or cushions (like some mosques). Polish 18th century synagogues resembled distinctive pagodas. Later, European emancipation introduced new styles: Baroque, Romanesque, pseudo-Byzantine and Greek temple. Some mo... Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-69240513777689423922019-11-23T02:04:00.001-08:002019-11-23T02:04:03.096-08:006 Ways to Chemically Kill a Tree6 Ways to Chemically Kill a Tree Homeowners usually welcome trees on their property. But some trees are invasive species that, over time, can take over a garden. Other trees may overwhelm your home, digging roots into the foundation or limiting access to light. Whatever the reason, if youre ready to kill a tree, youll need to review your options and make an informed choice about the best method for your situation. If youre concerned about chemicals or are removing a tree in an area where you grow fruits or vegetables, you might choose to physically remove the tree. If youre comfortable using chemical herbicide, however, a number of options are available. Chemical herbicides are effective and relatively low cost. On the other hand, they involve using potentially harmful substances in your own backyard. There are ways to mitigate the risk, but you might prefer to avoid chemicals altogether. In that case, you have two options for tree removal: cutting down or starving the tree. Cutting Down a Tree If youre removing a very large tree or are uncomfortable using a chainsaw, you can hire someone to take down your tree. Many people, however, simply cut down their own trees. Once the tree has been cut to a stump, youll need to grind the stump to the ground. Unfortunately, cutting and grinding might not be enough to kill your tree. In some cases, trees will continue to sprout from the stump. If this happens, youll need to systematically look for new sprouts and cut them down whenever they appear. By cutting the sprouts, you deny the roots the energy they need to continue to grow. If neither grinding the stump nor cutting sprouts is enough to kill your tree, youll have to dig down and painstakingly remove the roots from the soil. The notorious buckthorn bush/tree is an example of a species that can be killed only by completely removing the roots. Starving a Tree The bark of a tree is a system for transporting soil nutrients and moisture to the branches and leaves. With some trees, fully removing the bark around the circumference of the trees trunk will effectively starve it to death. This technique, called girdling, often is effective, but it isnt foolproof. In some cases, trees can bypass or jump the girdle. To get the best results, remove all layers of bark in a circle around the tree, cutting about 1.5 inches deep with a hatchet or ax. The girdle will need to be about 2 inches wide to kill a small tree and up to 8 inches wide for a large tree.à Chemically Killing a Tree Herbicides can kill trees and, properly applied, be safe for the environment. The most environmentally friendly options involve applying herbicide to a specific area of the tree. In some cases, however, the only viable option is to use herbicidal spray. There are five major types of herbicides, only some of which are rated for home or crop use.à Triclopyr amine and triclopyr ester are growth regulator-type herbicides, whileà glyphosate and imazapyr kill plants by interfering with the synthesis of plant proteins. Aminopyralid is primarily effective on legumesà such as kudzu and may not be appropriate for your needs. Here are six ways to chemically kill a tree: Cut Surface Treatments: This technique involves creating a pathway through the bark so that herbicide can be introduced into the plants vascular tissue. Start by making a series of downward cuts around the circumference of the tree with an ax or hatchet, leaving the frill (cut section of bark) connected to the tree. Immediately apply the selected herbicide into the cuts. Avoid spring applications when sap flowing from the wound will prevent good absorption.Injection Treatments: Use specialized tree injection equipment to administer a specific amount of herbicide into the tree when the cut is made. Treatments are effective when injections are made every 2 to 6 inches around the tree. For best results, treat trees 1.5 inches or more in diameter at chest height. Injection is often handled by a tree removal company because it requires an investment in equipment.Stump Treatments: Afterà cutting a tree down, you can minimize the possibility of regrowth by immediately treating the freshly cut surface with herbicide to prevent sprouting. On larger trees, treat only the outer 2 to 3 inches, including the cambium layer, of the stump (the internal heartwood of the tree is already dead). For trees 3 inches or less in diameter, treat the entire cut surface.à Basal Bark Treatments: Apply herbicide to the lower 12 to 18 inches of the tree trunk (on the bark) from early spring to mid-fall. Some species can be treated during winter. Use herbicide spray mixed with oil until the bark is saturated. The low-volatile ester formulations are the only oil-soluble products registered for this use. This method is effective on trees of all sizes.Foliage Treatments: Foliar spraying is a common method of applying herbicides to brush up to 15 feet tall. Make applications from early summer to late September, depending on the choice of herbicide. Treatments are least effective during very hot weather and when trees are under severe water stress.Soil Treatments: Certain soil treatments applied evenly to the soil surface can move into the root zone of targeted plants after ample rainfall or overhead moisture. Banding (also called lacing or streaking) applies concentrated solution to the soil in a line or band spaced every 2 to 4 feet. You can use this type of application to kill large numbers of trees. Important Tips Before starting a tree removal project, learn how to use herbicides safely and legally. Herbicide treatments of roots or soil (or sprayed herbicides) can kill vegetation unintentionally. Call your local Cooperative Extension Service for detailed chemical information pertaining to chemical treatments. Youre responsible for the chemicals you use and their ultimate effects.When using frilling or cut stump methods of treatment, apply the herbicide immediately so that your tree doesnt have a chance to start healing itself and you can achieve maximum absorption.Plant roots can share vascular tissue through root grafting, which occurs primarily within the same species but can occur between plants within the same genus. Your herbicide can move from a treated tree to an untreated tree, killing or injuring it.Once the herbicide is released from a tree, it can be available for uptake by another. The serious consequence is that a treated tree may release herbicide back into the environment, injuring nearby trees and vegetation.Adding stains or dyes to the herbicide solution substantially increases applicator accuracy. Applicators use the dyes to monitor treated trees, so they ar e less likely to miss or respray targeted trees. Use of stains can also indicate personal exposure. Avoid applying herbicide in areas where it can injure other plants. Assume that tree roots extend a distance equal to the height of a tree in dry climates and equal to half the tree height in wetter environments. Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-57888513139088751382019-11-21T03:57:00.001-08:002019-11-21T03:57:11.187-08:00Consumer Rights and Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsConsumer Rights and Protection - Essay Example Moreover, the US Federal Trade Commission helps in the passage of the bill by creating the software ââ¬Å"Do Not Track,â⬠which prevents advertisers from monitoring the online activity of web users. The US Consumer privacy bill of rights was formulated after several alleged sharing of consumer information among companies that sell video games and gadgets. This information was randomly solicited and was even just casually asked from visitors who would occasionally visit the sites. The privacy bill will therefore strictly enforce companies to make sure that collected data should not be used for another company, and that disclosures must be presented t consumers at all times. Moreover, the efforts of the United States government in executing the privacy bill of rights is somehow also based on the fact that European governments have done the same with their web companies, email providers and social networking sites. Summary #2 Based on the article, big US banks have been increasing their rates when it comes to the handling of checking accounts. Among these banks include Wells Fargo, Bank of America, Citibank and JPMorgan Chase. Changes involve the introduction of fees ranging from $7 to $25 a month, which translates to around $300 a year. Aside from these, the big banks have their own way of charging hidden fees and interchange fees anytime their services are used by their clients, such as in the use of debit cards while making purchases. In fact, consumers have reacted to these changes with anger and resentment especially because they knew how expensively these banks would normally pay their top executives, like Jamie Dimon of JPMorgan Chase who received a salary of $20 million in 2011. The aforementioned big US banks used to charge only small fees for their checking account maintenance. However, there have been amendments in the bank regulations that caused banks to maximize the number of overdrafts, increasing the number of charges and manipulating purchas e sequences so that the customer will have to pay higher fees. The higher fees were in fact viewed by the public as a part of a ââ¬Å"regressive and unfair systemâ⬠and was something that these banks would strategically employ in order to prey on human weaknesses. However, although consumers will surely suffer from having to handle these charges, there is a solution ââ¬â resorting to credit unions and smaller banks that are friendlier when it comes to fees. This explains the jolly but somewhat paradoxical nature of the articleââ¬â¢s title: ââ¬Å"Higher Fees? Letââ¬â¢s Celebrate!â⬠The jolly tone means that the author seems to be telling consumers that had the big banks not overly abused them, they would not have found better options on where to put their money. Now, since bank clients have been transferring their money from the big banks to the small ones, the greedy and inefficient big banks have to suffer as a consequence. This natural effect is explained by the idea that American capitalism usually does not favor the companies who are greedy and inefficient. Nevertheless, last year only 1 out of 14 Americans were able to make a decision to transfer their checking accounts from the big banks to the smaller banks and credit unions. Thanks to the formulation and passage of many regulations that benefited the consumer: the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act as well as the Consumer Protection Act, Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-29029075302217797042019-11-19T16:08:00.001-08:002019-11-19T16:08:03.519-08:00International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8International Marketing - Essay Example In this research paper the author examines the marketing company of Smirnoff Ice in the concept of Alcopop, the term used in describing flavoured alcoholic beverages. Because of the fruit flavour added to alcoholic drinks, alcopops became more appealing to teenage and underage drinkers (Marine Institute, 2009). A good example of alcopop produced in UK is the Smirnoff Ice. Because of improvements in technology, Smirnoff is able to introduce the first malt beverage that contains pure spring water and a malt-based alcohol (redOrbit, 2007). The use of new alcohol beverage technology enabled the company to offer light and crisp alcoholic drink with refreshing taste. Since Smirnoff cannot sell alcopops to individuals below the age of 18 years old, the company should focused on marketing the product to men and women 18 years old and above. In line with this, the company should tie up with existing clubs, pubs, and large-scale supermarkets who could sell Smirnoff products in domestic market. Expanding Smirnoff products in international market is good since it can open a lot of business opportunities for the company. As part of expanding the business in Germany, Smirnoff should design a core marketing strategy which includes defining the market segmentation and analysing the 4Ps in marketing mix. Once the market analysis has been conducted, the company should start identifying potential market distribution network for Smirnoff products. Germany is one of the most populated countries around the world. Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-30860612237520314622019-11-17T04:40:00.001-08:002019-11-17T04:40:05.939-08:00Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay Example for Free Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay I did not understand why I had to take a research class when all I wanted to do was be a staff nurse in a critical care unit. Research? Evidence-based practice? Why are these topics in the nursing program? I have enough to do just learning all the content in my clinical courses. What do research and evidence have to do with developing my nursing abilities? I trust the faculty, the textbooks, and clinical experience to prepare me for nursing. Iââ¬â¢m already getting what I need to know. That was my earlier attitude. Now that I am practicing, I have a new appreciation for nursing research and the evidence it provides for application to practice. I have an entirely different way of addressing clinical questions. Iââ¬â¢m starting to ask questions about how I can improve the care I give to patients and how I can be involved in my workplaceââ¬â¢s efforts to improve care for the patients it serves. I have discovered by purposeful reading in my practice area that research reports and research summaries contain many implications that apply to practice in the critical care unit. à ¦ QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER WHILE READING THIS CHAPTER: 1 How can faculty encourage students to read research journals? 2 How does research affect nursing practice? 3 How can nurses motivate colleagues to base their practice on research? KEY TERMS Clinical nurse researcher (CNR) An advanced practice nurse who is doctorally prepared and directs and participates in clinical research. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) An advanced practice nurse who provides direct care to clients and participates in health education and research. Clinical practice guideline (CPG) an evidence-based guide to clinical practice developed by experts in a particular ? eld for direct application in clinical environments. Control group Subjects in an experiment who do not receive the experimental treatment and whose performance provides a baseline against which the effects of the treatment can be measured. When a true experimental design is not used, this group is usually called a comparison group. Data collection The process of acquiring existing information or developing new information. 104 Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 105 Empirical Having a foundation based on data gathered through the senses (e. g. , observation or experience) rather than purely through theorizing or logic. Ethnography A qualitative research method for the purpose of investigating cultures that involves data collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a theory of cultural behavior. Evidence-based practice The process of systematically ? nding, appraising, and using research ? ndings as the basis for clinical practice. Experimental design A design that includes randomization, a control group, and manipulation between or among variables to examine probability and causality among selected variables for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena. Generalizability The inference that ? ndings can be generalized from the sample to the entire population. Grant Proposal developed to seek research funding from private or public agencies. Grounded theory A qualitative research design used to collect and analyze data with the aim of developing theories grounded in real-world observations. This method is used to study a social process. Meta-analysis Quantitative merging of ? ndings from several studies to determine what is known about a phenomenon. Methodologic design A research design used to develop the validity and reliability of instruments that measure research concepts and variables. Naturalistic paradigm A holistic view of nature and the direction of science that guides qualitative research. Needs assessment A study in which the researcher collects data for estimating the needs of a group, usually for resource allocation. Phenomenology A qualitative research design that uses inductive descriptive methodology to describe the lived experiences of study participants. Pilot study A smaller version of a proposed study conducted to develop or re? ne methodology, such as treatment, instruments, or data collection process to be used in a larger study. Qualitative research A systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. Quantitative research A formal, objective, systematic process used to describe and test relationships and examine cause-and-effect interactions among variables. Quasi-experimental research A type of quantitative research study design that lacks one of the components (randomization, control group, manipulation of one or more variables) of an experimental design. Randomization The assignment of subjects to treatment conditions in a random manner (determined by chance alone). Secondary analysis A research design in which data previously collected in another study are analyzed. State-of-the-science summary A merging of ? ndings from several studies concerning the same topic. Examples include meta-analysis with a quantitative approach and integrative review with a descriptive approach. Survey A nonexperimental research design that focuses on obtaining information regarding the status quo of a situation, often through direct questioning of participants. Triangulation The use of a variety of methods to collect data on the same concept. LEARNING OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, the reader will be able to: 1 Summarize major points in the evolution of nursing research in relation to contemporary nursing. 2 Evaluate the in? uence of nursing research on current nursing and health care practices. 3 Differentiate among nursing research methods. 4 Evaluate the quality of research studies using established criteria. 5 Participate in the research process. 6 Use research ? ndings to improve nursing practice. 106 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter provides basic knowledge regarding the research process and the ultimate importance of evidence-based nursing practice. The intent is to inspire an appreciation for nursing research and to show how it can improve nursing practice and how results can be translated into health policy. Nursing research is de? ned as a systematic approach used to examine phenomena important to nursing and nurses. A summary of major points in the evolution of nursing research in relation to contemporary nursing is presented. A description of private and public organizations that fund research is given, and their research priorities are listed. Major research designs are brie? y described, and examples of each are given. Nurses of all educational levels are encouraged to participate in and promote nursing research at varying degrees. The process of locating research and evidence for practice is reviewed. Students are introduced to the research process and guided in the process of critically appraising published research and research syntheses. Ethical issues related to research are examined, and historical examples of unethical research are given. The functions of the institutional review board (IRB) and the use of informed consent in protecting the rights of human subjects are emphasized. DEFINITION OF NURSING RESEARCH Research is a process of systematic inquiry or study to build knowledge in a discipline. The purpose of research is to develop an empirical body of knowledge for a discipline or profession. Speci? cally, research validates and re? nes existing knowledge and develops new knowledge (Burns and Grove, 2007). The results of research process provide a foundation on which practice decisions and behaviors are laid. Research results create a strong scienti? c base for nursing practice, especially when deliberately and carefully evaluated for application to speci? c clinical topics (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt, 2005). In recent decades the nursing discipline has begun to pay much greater attention to the necessity of participating in research. Nursing research is a systematic approach used to examine phenomena important to nursing and nurses. Because nursing is a practice profession, it is important that clinical practice be based on scienti? c knowledge. Evidence generated by nursing research provides support for the quality and cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions. Thus recipients of health careââ¬âand particularly nursing careââ¬âreap bene? ts when nurses attend to research evidence and introduce change based on that evidence into nursing practice. The introduction of evidence-based change into the direct provision of nursing care may occur at the individual level of a particular nurse or at varied organizational or social levels. In addition to nursing research aimed at affecting the direct provision of nursing and health care to recipients of nursing care, nursing research also is needed to generate knowledge in areas that affect nursing care processes indirectly. Research within the realms of nursing education, nursing administration, health services, characteristics of nurses, and nursing roles provides evidence for effectively changing these supporting areas of nursing knowledge (Burns and Grove, 2007). Today the importance of nursing research to the discipline is recognized. However, much nursing history underlies the current state of acceptance. EVOLUTION OF NURSING RESEARCH Nursing research began with the work of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War. After Florence Nightingaleââ¬â¢s work, the pattern that nursing research followed was closely related to the problems confronting nurses. For example, nursing education was the focus of most research studies between 1900 and 1940. As more nurses received their education Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 107 in a university setting, studies regarding student characteristics and satisfactions were conducted. As more nurses pursued a college education, staf? ng patterns in hospitals changed because students were not as readily available as when more students were enrolled in hospitalaf? liated diploma programs. During this period, researchers became interested in studying nurses. Questions such as what type of person enters nursing and how are nurses perceived by other groups guided research investigations. Teaching, administration, and curriculum were studies that dominated nursing research until the 1970s. By the 1970s more doctorally prepared nurses were conducting research, and there was a shift to studies that focused on the improvement of patient care. The 1980s brought nursing research to a new stage of development. There were many more quali? ed nurse researchers than ever, widespread availability of computers for collection and analysis of data, and a realization that research is a vital part of professional nursing (Polit and Beck, 2006). Nurse researchers began conducting studies based on the naturalistic paradigm. These studies were qualitative rather than quantitative. In addition, instead of conducting many small, unrelated research studies, teams of researchers, often interdisciplinary, began conducting programs of research to build bodies of knowledge related to speci? c topics, such as urinary incontinence, decubitus ulcers, pain, and quality of life. The 1990s brought increasing concern about health care reform, and now in the twenty-? rst century, research studies focus on important health care delivery issues, such as cost, quality, and access. Research ? ndings are being used increasingly as the basis for clinical decisions. Evidencebased practice (EBP) can be de? ned as the process of systematically ? nding, appraising, and using research ? ndings as a basis for making decisions about patient care. The rise of technology and the worldwide access and ? ow of information have transformed the decision-making processes of practitioners. Helpful informational websites for busy practitioners are listed in Box 6-1. No longer do nurses simply compare outcomes of patient care with other units in the B O X 6ââ¬â1 Helpful Websites l f l b i National Guideline Clearinghouseââ¬âresource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines www. guidelines. gov US Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Practice Guidelines www. healthquality. va. gov AHRQ Healthcare Innovations Exchangeââ¬âinnovations and tools to improve health care www. innovations. ahrq. gov/index. aspx The Evidence-Based Medicine Education Center of Excellenceââ¬âextensive list of databases, journals, and textbooks http://library. ncahec. net/ebm/pages/resources. htm U. S. National Institute for Health Consensus statements http://consensus. nih. gov Centre for Evidence-Based Nursing, based at University of Yorkââ¬âUnited Kingdom www. york. ac. uk/healthsciences/centres/evidence/cebn. htm The Joanna Briggs Institute, based at Royal Adelaide Hospital and the University of Adelaide, Australiaââ¬âmultiple evidence resources for practice www. joannabriggs. edu. au Cochrane Centerââ¬âresource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines www. cochrane. org 108 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing same hospital. Nurses and other health care professionals are more likely to look for solutions, choices, and outcomes for patients that represent the best available knowledge internationally (Hamer and Collinson, 2005). RESEARCH PRIORITIES Why set priorities for research in the nursing discipline? Can nurses do research in areas that match personal areas of interest? The answer to the second question is, yes, certainly. But nursing exists to provide high-quality nursing care to individuals in need of health-promoting, health-sustaining, and health-restoring strategies. The main outcome of research activity for a nurse is to eventually put the knowledge gained to work in health care delivery. Research priorities, often set by groups that fund research, encourage nurse researchers to invest effort and money into those areas of research likely to generate the most bene? t to recipients of care. Of course the funding opportunities offered by such groups do not hurt the research enterprise either. Research costs money. Thus nurses engaged in research often match personal interests with funding opportunities that are available during the planning phase for a proposed investigation. Two major sources of funding for nursing research are the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (formerly known as the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research [AHCPR] and reauthorized as AHRQ by Congress in 1999). Both of these organizations are funded by federal congressional appropriations. Private foundations and nursing organizations also provide funding for nursing research. National Institute of Nursing Research As part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the NINR supports research on the biologic and behavioral aspects of critical health problems that confront the nation. The NINRââ¬â¢s research focus encompasses ââ¬Å"health promotion and disease prevention, quality of life, health disparities, and end-of-lifeâ⬠(NINR Strategic Plan 2006-2010, 2006). A small sampling of potentially supported research topics includes those aimed at: ? Determining disease risk and treatment through utilizing genetic information ? Determining effective health-promotion strategies for individuals, families, and communities ? Discovering approaches that encourage people to effectively take responsibility for symptom management and health promotion ? Assisting in identi? cation and effective management of symptoms related to acute and chronic disease ? Improving clinical settings in which care is provided ? Improving the quality of care giving in settings such as long-term care facilities, the home, and the community ? Understanding predisposition to disease, socioeconomic factors that in? uence health, and cultural health practices that either protect from or expose to risk for health problems ? Improving symptom management for those at end of life The areas of research emphasis published by the NINR are useful guides for investigators developing proposals but are not considered to be prescriptive in nature. Investigators bring to bear their own unique expertise and creativity when proposing research in harmony with NINR priority research areas. Annually the NINR conducts a roundtable discussion with multiple nursing organizations to obtain the feedback of the disciplines regarding the need for continued or new research Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 109 emphases. Information obtained is used in setting future research agendas and making decisions about funding of proposals submitted by researchers (Of? ce of Science Policy and Public Liaison, NINR, 2009). The NINR website details current announcements regarding research priorities (www. ninr. nih. gov/ResearchAndFunding). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality The AHRQ broadly de? nes its mission as ââ¬Å"improving the quality, safety, ef? ciency, and effectiveness of health care for all Americansâ⬠(AHRQ, 2009a). As an agency of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, the AHRQââ¬â¢s health-related aims are to reduce the risk of harm by promoting delivery of the best possible health care, improve health care outcomes by encouraging the use of evidence to make informed health care decisions, transform research into practice to facilitate wider access to effective health care services, and reduce unnecessary costs (AHRQ, 2009a). Since the inception of the agency in 1989, strategic goals have centered on supporting improvements in health outcomes, strengthening measurement of health care quality indicators, and fostering access to and cost-effectiveness of health care. The 1999 reauthorizing legislation expanded the role of the agency by directing the AHRQ to: ? Improve the quality of health care through scienti? c inquiry, dissemination of ? ndings, and facilitation of public access to information. ? Promote patient safety and reduce medical errors through scienti? c inquiry, building partnerships with health care providers, and establishment of centers for education and research on therapeutics (CERTs). ? Advance the use of information technology for coordinating patient care and conducting quality and outcomes research. ? Establish an of? ce on priority populations to ensure that the needs of low-income groups, minorities, women, children, the elderly, and individuals with special health care needs are addressed by the agencyââ¬â¢s research efforts. The research-related activities of the AHRQ are quite varied, but a recent shift emphasizes a more deliberate translation of research evidence into practice. In a process similar to that used by the NIH, investigators are invited to submit research proposals for possible funding through grant announcements. A listing of current areas of the agencyââ¬â¢s research interests can be found online at www. ahrq. gov/fund/portfolio. htm. The AHRQ actively promotes EBP, partially through the establishment of 14 EBP centers (EPCs) in the United States and Canada. EPCs conduct research on assigned clinical care topics and generate reports on the effectiveness of health care methodologies. Health care providers may then use the evidence in developing site-speci? c guidelines that direct clinical practice. AHRQ also actively maintains the National Guideline Clearinghouse (www. guidelines. gov), an website that makes available to health care professionals a wide array of clinical practice guidelines that may be considered in health care decision making. Another recent addition to AHRQââ¬â¢s initiatives is the Healthcare Innovations Exchange (2009b), which provides a public source of information about innovations taking place in health care delivery. Submitted innovations are reviewed for the quality of achieved outcomes, providing evidence as a foundation for decision making by others who may be searching for or considering similar innovations. Although most AHRQ activities are intended to support health care professionals and institutions, the agency supports health care recipients by designing some information speci? cally for dissemination to the lay public (AHRQ, 2009a). 110 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing Private Foundations Federal funding is available through the NIH and the AHRQ. However, because obtaining money for research is becoming increasingly competitive, voluntary foundations and private and community-based organizations should be investigated as possible funding sources. Many foundations and corporate direct-giving programs are interested in funding health care projects and research. Computer databases and guides to funding are available in local libraries. In addition, grant-seeking enterprises often purchase subscriptions that allow computer access to enhanced listings of funding foundations that include information about the types of projects those foundations typically fund. Though subscriptions are expensive, costs are often balanced by the ef? ciency with which suitable funding prospects are identi? ed. An example of such a service is Prospect Research Online (www. iwave. com). Private foundations, such as the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2009a, 2009b) or the W. K. Kellogg Foundation (2009), offer program funding for health-related research. Investigators should be encouraged to pursue funding for small projects through local sources or private foundations until a track record is established in research design and implementation. After several years of experience in the research arena, investigators are more likely to be successful in securing funding through federal sources, such as the NIH. Nursing Organizations Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI), the American Nurses Association (ANA), and the Oncology Nurses Society (ONS), are a few of the nursing organizations that fund research studies. STTI makes research grant awards to increase scienti? c knowledge related to nursing practice. STTI supports creative interdisciplinary research and places importance on identifying ââ¬Å"best practicesâ⬠and benchmark innovations. Awards are made at the international and local chapter levels. The ANA awards small grants through the American Nurses Foundation. Specialty nursing organizations offer grants to support research related to their specialty. For example, the ONS awards grants that focus on issues related to oncology. To summarize, multiple potential sources of funding are available for research projects. The individual or group wishing to conduct research will need to carefully develop a proposal, search for a possible funding source, and submit the proposal. Libraries and the Internet provide ample information about the many foundations and organizations interested in funding research endeavors. Most research institutions establish of? ces that help in the search and procurement of funding. Thus researchers are supported in their work of knowledge building. COMPONENTS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS The research process involves conceptualizing a research study, planning and implementing that study, and communicating the ? ndings. The process involves a logical ? ow as each step builds on the previous steps. These steps should be included in published research reports so that the reader has a basis for understanding and critiquing the study (Box 6-2). STUDY DESIGNS Study designs are plans that tell a researcher how data are to be collected, from whom data are to be collected, and how data will be analyzed to answer speci? c research questions. Research studies are classi? ed into two basic methods: quantitative and qualitative, two distinctly different approaches to conducting research. The researcher chooses the method based on the research question and the current level of knowledge about the phenomena and the problem to be studied. Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numeric Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3309476505389305755.post-35775858067409068192019-11-14T17:12:00.001-08:002019-11-14T17:12:03.333-08:00Essay on the Woman Protagonist in The Birthmark -- Birthmark EssaysWoman Protagonist in ââ¬Å"The Birthmarkâ⬠à à à à à à à à à à à In Nathaniel Hawthorneââ¬â¢s short story, ââ¬Å"The Birthmark,â⬠the reader finds an excellent example of a woman who is so superior to her male counterpart that she has to be labeled the protagonist of the tale. This essay will demonstrate why this designation is deserved by the female character, Georgiana. à In the opening paragraph of ââ¬Å"The Birthmarkâ⬠the narrator introduces Aylmer as a scientist whose love for Georgiana is ââ¬Å"more attractive than any chemical one.â⬠And indeed, he is such a passionate scientist that everything meaningful in his life has to be related to science. He is incapable of developing beyond this stage of personal growth. Georgiana, on the other hand, enters the tale as a rather ââ¬Å"simpleâ⬠young lady, but soon grows and grows and grows ââ¬ân that most important spiritual virtue of love. As the woman-protagonist advances in her spirituality, her unfortunate husband, Aylmer, declines in virtue. à Even after Aylmer has ââ¬Å"persuaded a beautiful woman to become his wife,â⬠he is not capable of loving her properly, unselfishly, because he ââ¬Å"had devoted himself, however, too unreservedly to scientific studies ever to be weaned from them by any second passion.â⬠The narrator seeks to justify this error or lack in Aylmer by explaining that ââ¬Å"it was not unusual for the love of science to rival the love of woman in its depth and absorbing energy.â⬠Already at the outset of the tale, the reader perceives that Georgiana is going to be shortchanged in this marriage. She is exposed to the problem initially when her husband asks whether ââ¬Å"it never occurred to you that the mark upon your cheek might be removed?'' Aylmer is in quest of physical perfection in his wife; unfortun... ...memorable: ââ¬Å"The fatal hand had grappled with the mystery of life, and was the bond by which an angelic spirit kept itself in union with a mortal frame.â⬠The soul of this angelic, loving woman, ââ¬Å"lingering a moment near her husband, took its heavenward flight.â⬠A true angel of womankind is ascending to heaven. à The distinct and obvious spiritual superiority of Georgiana, as compared to the retarded, backward, stunted, minimal growth thereof in Aylmer, is adequate cause for designating the lovely woman of the tale the protagonist. She possesses qualities of heroic dimension; he does not. à WORKS CITED à Hawthorne, Nathaniel . The Birthmark Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=HawBirt.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1 Tristen Coateshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00183821115285379260noreply@blogger.com0